Babylon.js/src/Maths/math.ts

import { DeepImmutable, Nullable, FloatArray, float } from "../types";
import { ArrayTools } from "../Misc/arrayTools";
import { Scalar } from "./math.scalar";
/**
 * Constant used to convert a value to gamma space
 * @ignorenaming
 */
export const ToGammaSpace = 1 / 2.2;
/**
 * Constant used to convert a value to linear space
 * @ignorenaming
 */
export const ToLinearSpace = 2.2;
/**
 * Constant used to define the minimal number value in Babylon.js
 * @ignorenaming
 */
let Epsilon = 0.001;
export { Epsilon };

/**
 * Class used to hold a RBG color
 */
export class Color3 {

    /**
     * Creates a new Color3 object from red, green, blue values, all between 0 and 1
     * @param r defines the red component (between 0 and 1, default is 0)
     * @param g defines the green component (between 0 and 1, default is 0)
     * @param b defines the blue component (between 0 and 1, default is 0)
     */
    constructor(
        /**
         * Defines the red component (between 0 and 1, default is 0)
         */
        public r: number = 0,
        /**
         * Defines the green component (between 0 and 1, default is 0)
         */
        public g: number = 0,
        /**
         * Defines the blue component (between 0 and 1, default is 0)
         */
        public b: number = 0) {
    }

    /**
     * Creates a string with the Color3 current values
     * @returns the string representation of the Color3 object
     */
    public toString(): string {
        return "{R: " + this.r + " G:" + this.g + " B:" + this.b + "}";
    }

    /**
     * Returns the string "Color3"
     * @returns "Color3"
     */
    public getClassName(): string {
        return "Color3";
    }

    /**
     * Compute the Color3 hash code
     * @returns an unique number that can be used to hash Color3 objects
     */
    public getHashCode(): number {
        let hash = (this.r * 255) | 0;
        hash = (hash * 397) ^ ((this.g * 255) | 0);
        hash = (hash * 397) ^ ((this.b * 255) | 0);
        return hash;
    }

    // Operators

    /**
     * Stores in the given array from the given starting index the red, green, blue values as successive elements
     * @param array defines the array where to store the r,g,b components
     * @param index defines an optional index in the target array to define where to start storing values
     * @returns the current Color3 object
     */
    public toArray(array: FloatArray, index: number = 0): Color3 {
        array[index] = this.r;
        array[index + 1] = this.g;
        array[index + 2] = this.b;

        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Color4 object from the current Color3 and the given alpha
     * @param alpha defines the alpha component on the new Color4 object (default is 1)
     * @returns a new Color4 object
     */
    public toColor4(alpha: number = 1): Color4 {
        return new Color4(this.r, this.g, this.b, alpha);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new array populated with 3 numeric elements : red, green and blue values
     * @returns the new array
     */
    public asArray(): number[] {
        var result = new Array<number>();
        this.toArray(result, 0);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the luminance value
     * @returns a float value
     */
    public toLuminance(): number {
        return this.r * 0.3 + this.g * 0.59 + this.b * 0.11;
    }

    /**
     * Multiply each Color3 rgb values by the given Color3 rgb values in a new Color3 object
     * @param otherColor defines the second operand
     * @returns the new Color3 object
     */
    public multiply(otherColor: DeepImmutable<Color3>): Color3 {
        return new Color3(this.r * otherColor.r, this.g * otherColor.g, this.b * otherColor.b);
    }

    /**
     * Multiply the rgb values of the Color3 and the given Color3 and stores the result in the object "result"
     * @param otherColor defines the second operand
     * @param result defines the Color3 object where to store the result
     * @returns the current Color3
     */
    public multiplyToRef(otherColor: DeepImmutable<Color3>, result: Color3): Color3 {
        result.r = this.r * otherColor.r;
        result.g = this.g * otherColor.g;
        result.b = this.b * otherColor.b;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Determines equality between Color3 objects
     * @param otherColor defines the second operand
     * @returns true if the rgb values are equal to the given ones
     */
    public equals(otherColor: DeepImmutable<Color3>): boolean {
        return otherColor && this.r === otherColor.r && this.g === otherColor.g && this.b === otherColor.b;
    }

    /**
     * Determines equality between the current Color3 object and a set of r,b,g values
     * @param r defines the red component to check
     * @param g defines the green component to check
     * @param b defines the blue component to check
     * @returns true if the rgb values are equal to the given ones
     */
    public equalsFloats(r: number, g: number, b: number): boolean {
        return this.r === r && this.g === g && this.b === b;
    }

    /**
     * Multiplies in place each rgb value by scale
     * @param scale defines the scaling factor
     * @returns the updated Color3
     */
    public scale(scale: number): Color3 {
        return new Color3(this.r * scale, this.g * scale, this.b * scale);
    }

    /**
     * Multiplies the rgb values by scale and stores the result into "result"
     * @param scale defines the scaling factor
     * @param result defines the Color3 object where to store the result
     * @returns the unmodified current Color3
     */
    public scaleToRef(scale: number, result: Color3): Color3 {
        result.r = this.r * scale;
        result.g = this.g * scale;
        result.b = this.b * scale;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Scale the current Color3 values by a factor and add the result to a given Color3
     * @param scale defines the scale factor
     * @param result defines color to store the result into
     * @returns the unmodified current Color3
     */
    public scaleAndAddToRef(scale: number, result: Color3): Color3 {
        result.r += this.r * scale;
        result.g += this.g * scale;
        result.b += this.b * scale;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Clamps the rgb values by the min and max values and stores the result into "result"
     * @param min defines minimum clamping value (default is 0)
     * @param max defines maximum clamping value (default is 1)
     * @param result defines color to store the result into
     * @returns the original Color3
     */
    public clampToRef(min: number = 0, max: number = 1, result: Color3): Color3 {
        result.r = Scalar.Clamp(this.r, min, max);
        result.g = Scalar.Clamp(this.g, min, max);
        result.b = Scalar.Clamp(this.b, min, max);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new Color3 set with the added values of the current Color3 and of the given one
     * @param otherColor defines the second operand
     * @returns the new Color3
     */
    public add(otherColor: DeepImmutable<Color3>): Color3 {
        return new Color3(this.r + otherColor.r, this.g + otherColor.g, this.b + otherColor.b);
    }

    /**
     * Stores the result of the addition of the current Color3 and given one rgb values into "result"
     * @param otherColor defines the second operand
     * @param result defines Color3 object to store the result into
     * @returns the unmodified current Color3
     */
    public addToRef(otherColor: DeepImmutable<Color3>, result: Color3): Color3 {
        result.r = this.r + otherColor.r;
        result.g = this.g + otherColor.g;
        result.b = this.b + otherColor.b;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Color3 set with the subtracted values of the given one from the current Color3
     * @param otherColor defines the second operand
     * @returns the new Color3
     */
    public subtract(otherColor: DeepImmutable<Color3>): Color3 {
        return new Color3(this.r - otherColor.r, this.g - otherColor.g, this.b - otherColor.b);
    }

    /**
     * Stores the result of the subtraction of given one from the current Color3 rgb values into "result"
     * @param otherColor defines the second operand
     * @param result defines Color3 object to store the result into
     * @returns the unmodified current Color3
     */
    public subtractToRef(otherColor: DeepImmutable<Color3>, result: Color3): Color3 {
        result.r = this.r - otherColor.r;
        result.g = this.g - otherColor.g;
        result.b = this.b - otherColor.b;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Copy the current object
     * @returns a new Color3 copied the current one
     */
    public clone(): Color3 {
        return new Color3(this.r, this.g, this.b);
    }

    /**
     * Copies the rgb values from the source in the current Color3
     * @param source defines the source Color3 object
     * @returns the updated Color3 object
     */
    public copyFrom(source: DeepImmutable<Color3>): Color3 {
        this.r = source.r;
        this.g = source.g;
        this.b = source.b;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Updates the Color3 rgb values from the given floats
     * @param r defines the red component to read from
     * @param g defines the green component to read from
     * @param b defines the blue component to read from
     * @returns the current Color3 object
     */
    public copyFromFloats(r: number, g: number, b: number): Color3 {
        this.r = r;
        this.g = g;
        this.b = b;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Updates the Color3 rgb values from the given floats
     * @param r defines the red component to read from
     * @param g defines the green component to read from
     * @param b defines the blue component to read from
     * @returns the current Color3 object
     */
    public set(r: number, g: number, b: number): Color3 {
        return this.copyFromFloats(r, g, b);
    }

    /**
     * Compute the Color3 hexadecimal code as a string
     * @returns a string containing the hexadecimal representation of the Color3 object
     */
    public toHexString(): string {
        var intR = (this.r * 255) | 0;
        var intG = (this.g * 255) | 0;
        var intB = (this.b * 255) | 0;
        return "#" + Scalar.ToHex(intR) + Scalar.ToHex(intG) + Scalar.ToHex(intB);
    }

    /**
     * Computes a new Color3 converted from the current one to linear space
     * @returns a new Color3 object
     */
    public toLinearSpace(): Color3 {
        var convertedColor = new Color3();
        this.toLinearSpaceToRef(convertedColor);
        return convertedColor;
    }

    /**
     * Converts current color in rgb space to HSV values
     * @returns a new color3 representing the HSV values
     */
    public toHSV(): Color3 {
        let result = new Color3();

        this.toHSVToRef(result);

        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Converts current color in rgb space to HSV values
     * @param result defines the Color3 where to store the HSV values
     */
    public toHSVToRef(result: Color3) {
        var r = this.r;
        var g = this.g;
        var b = this.b;

        var max = Math.max(r, g, b);
        var min = Math.min(r, g, b);
        var h = 0;
        var s = 0;
        var v = max;

        var dm = max - min;

        if (max !== 0) {
            s = dm / max;
        }

        if (max != min) {
            if (max == r) {
                h = (g - b) / dm;
                if (g < b) {
                    h += 6;
                }
            } else if (max == g) {
                h = (b - r) / dm + 2;
            } else if (max == b) {
                h = (r - g) / dm + 4;
            }
            h *= 60;
        }

        result.r = h;
        result.g = s;
        result.b = v;
    }

    /**
     * Converts the Color3 values to linear space and stores the result in "convertedColor"
     * @param convertedColor defines the Color3 object where to store the linear space version
     * @returns the unmodified Color3
     */
    public toLinearSpaceToRef(convertedColor: Color3): Color3 {
        convertedColor.r = Math.pow(this.r, ToLinearSpace);
        convertedColor.g = Math.pow(this.g, ToLinearSpace);
        convertedColor.b = Math.pow(this.b, ToLinearSpace);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Computes a new Color3 converted from the current one to gamma space
     * @returns a new Color3 object
     */
    public toGammaSpace(): Color3 {
        var convertedColor = new Color3();
        this.toGammaSpaceToRef(convertedColor);
        return convertedColor;
    }

    /**
     * Converts the Color3 values to gamma space and stores the result in "convertedColor"
     * @param convertedColor defines the Color3 object where to store the gamma space version
     * @returns the unmodified Color3
     */
    public toGammaSpaceToRef(convertedColor: Color3): Color3 {
        convertedColor.r = Math.pow(this.r, ToGammaSpace);
        convertedColor.g = Math.pow(this.g, ToGammaSpace);
        convertedColor.b = Math.pow(this.b, ToGammaSpace);
        return this;
    }

    // Statics

    private static _BlackReadOnly = Color3.Black() as DeepImmutable<Color3>;

    /**
     * Convert Hue, saturation and value to a Color3 (RGB)
     * @param hue defines the hue
     * @param saturation defines the saturation
     * @param value defines the value
     * @param result defines the Color3 where to store the RGB values
     */
    public static HSVtoRGBToRef(hue: number, saturation: number, value: number, result: Color3) {
        var chroma = value * saturation;
        var h = hue / 60;
        var x = chroma * (1 - Math.abs((h % 2) - 1));
        var r = 0;
        var g = 0;
        var b = 0;

        if (h >= 0 && h <= 1) {
            r = chroma;
            g = x;
        } else if (h >= 1 && h <= 2) {
            r = x;
            g = chroma;
        } else if (h >= 2 && h <= 3) {
            g = chroma;
            b = x;
        } else if (h >= 3 && h <= 4) {
            g = x;
            b = chroma;
        } else if (h >= 4 && h <= 5) {
            r = x;
            b = chroma;
        } else if (h >= 5 && h <= 6) {
            r = chroma;
            b = x;
        }

        var m = value - chroma;
        result.set((r + m), (g + m), (b + m));
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new Color3 from the string containing valid hexadecimal values
     * @param hex defines a string containing valid hexadecimal values
     * @returns a new Color3 object
     */
    public static FromHexString(hex: string): Color3 {
        if (hex.substring(0, 1) !== "#" || hex.length !== 7) {
            return new Color3(0, 0, 0);
        }

        var r = parseInt(hex.substring(1, 3), 16);
        var g = parseInt(hex.substring(3, 5), 16);
        var b = parseInt(hex.substring(5, 7), 16);

        return Color3.FromInts(r, g, b);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new Color3 from the starting index of the given array
     * @param array defines the source array
     * @param offset defines an offset in the source array
     * @returns a new Color3 object
     */
    public static FromArray(array: DeepImmutable<ArrayLike<number>>, offset: number = 0): Color3 {
        return new Color3(array[offset], array[offset + 1], array[offset + 2]);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new Color3 from integer values (< 256)
     * @param r defines the red component to read from (value between 0 and 255)
     * @param g defines the green component to read from (value between 0 and 255)
     * @param b defines the blue component to read from (value between 0 and 255)
     * @returns a new Color3 object
     */
    public static FromInts(r: number, g: number, b: number): Color3 {
        return new Color3(r / 255.0, g / 255.0, b / 255.0);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new Color3 with values linearly interpolated of "amount" between the start Color3 and the end Color3
     * @param start defines the start Color3 value
     * @param end defines the end Color3 value
     * @param amount defines the gradient value between start and end
     * @returns a new Color3 object
     */
    public static Lerp(start: DeepImmutable<Color3>, end: DeepImmutable<Color3>, amount: number): Color3 {
        var result = new Color3(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
        Color3.LerpToRef(start, end, amount, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new Color3 with values linearly interpolated of "amount" between the start Color3 and the end Color3
     * @param left defines the start value
     * @param right defines the end value
     * @param amount defines the gradient factor
     * @param result defines the Color3 object where to store the result
     */
    public static LerpToRef(left: DeepImmutable<Color3>, right: DeepImmutable<Color3>, amount: number, result: Color3): void {
        result.r = left.r + ((right.r - left.r) * amount);
        result.g = left.g + ((right.g - left.g) * amount);
        result.b = left.b + ((right.b - left.b) * amount);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a Color3 value containing a red color
     * @returns a new Color3 object
     */
    public static Red(): Color3 { return new Color3(1, 0, 0); }
    /**
     * Returns a Color3 value containing a green color
     * @returns a new Color3 object
     */
    public static Green(): Color3 { return new Color3(0, 1, 0); }
    /**
     * Returns a Color3 value containing a blue color
     * @returns a new Color3 object
     */
    public static Blue(): Color3 { return new Color3(0, 0, 1); }
    /**
     * Returns a Color3 value containing a black color
     * @returns a new Color3 object
     */
    public static Black(): Color3 { return new Color3(0, 0, 0); }

    /**
      * Gets a Color3 value containing a black color that must not be updated
      */
    public static get BlackReadOnly(): DeepImmutable<Color3> {
        return Color3._BlackReadOnly;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a Color3 value containing a white color
     * @returns a new Color3 object
     */
    public static White(): Color3 { return new Color3(1, 1, 1); }
    /**
     * Returns a Color3 value containing a purple color
     * @returns a new Color3 object
     */
    public static Purple(): Color3 { return new Color3(0.5, 0, 0.5); }
    /**
     * Returns a Color3 value containing a magenta color
     * @returns a new Color3 object
     */
    public static Magenta(): Color3 { return new Color3(1, 0, 1); }
    /**
     * Returns a Color3 value containing a yellow color
     * @returns a new Color3 object
     */
    public static Yellow(): Color3 { return new Color3(1, 1, 0); }
    /**
     * Returns a Color3 value containing a gray color
     * @returns a new Color3 object
     */
    public static Gray(): Color3 { return new Color3(0.5, 0.5, 0.5); }
    /**
     * Returns a Color3 value containing a teal color
     * @returns a new Color3 object
     */
    public static Teal(): Color3 { return new Color3(0, 1.0, 1.0); }
    /**
     * Returns a Color3 value containing a random color
     * @returns a new Color3 object
     */
    public static Random(): Color3 { return new Color3(Math.random(), Math.random(), Math.random()); }
}

/**
 * Class used to hold a RBGA color
 */
export class Color4 {
    /**
     * Creates a new Color4 object from red, green, blue values, all between 0 and 1
     * @param r defines the red component (between 0 and 1, default is 0)
     * @param g defines the green component (between 0 and 1, default is 0)
     * @param b defines the blue component (between 0 and 1, default is 0)
     * @param a defines the alpha component (between 0 and 1, default is 1)
     */
    constructor(
        /**
         * Defines the red component (between 0 and 1, default is 0)
         */
        public r: number = 0,
        /**
         * Defines the green component (between 0 and 1, default is 0)
         */
        public g: number = 0,
        /**
         * Defines the blue component (between 0 and 1, default is 0)
         */
        public b: number = 0,
        /**
         * Defines the alpha component (between 0 and 1, default is 1)
         */
        public a: number = 1) {
    }

    // Operators

    /**
     * Adds in place the given Color4 values to the current Color4 object
     * @param right defines the second operand
     * @returns the current updated Color4 object
     */
    public addInPlace(right: DeepImmutable<Color4>): Color4 {
        this.r += right.r;
        this.g += right.g;
        this.b += right.b;
        this.a += right.a;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new array populated with 4 numeric elements : red, green, blue, alpha values
     * @returns the new array
     */
    public asArray(): number[] {
        var result = new Array<number>();
        this.toArray(result, 0);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Stores from the starting index in the given array the Color4 successive values
     * @param array defines the array where to store the r,g,b components
     * @param index defines an optional index in the target array to define where to start storing values
     * @returns the current Color4 object
     */
    public toArray(array: number[], index: number = 0): Color4 {
        array[index] = this.r;
        array[index + 1] = this.g;
        array[index + 2] = this.b;
        array[index + 3] = this.a;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Determines equality between Color4 objects
     * @param otherColor defines the second operand
     * @returns true if the rgba values are equal to the given ones
     */
    public equals(otherColor: DeepImmutable<Color4>): boolean {
        return otherColor && this.r === otherColor.r && this.g === otherColor.g && this.b === otherColor.b && this.a === otherColor.a;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new Color4 set with the added values of the current Color4 and of the given one
     * @param right defines the second operand
     * @returns a new Color4 object
     */
    public add(right: DeepImmutable<Color4>): Color4 {
        return new Color4(this.r + right.r, this.g + right.g, this.b + right.b, this.a + right.a);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new Color4 set with the subtracted values of the given one from the current Color4
     * @param right defines the second operand
     * @returns a new Color4 object
     */
    public subtract(right: DeepImmutable<Color4>): Color4 {
        return new Color4(this.r - right.r, this.g - right.g, this.b - right.b, this.a - right.a);
    }

    /**
     * Subtracts the given ones from the current Color4 values and stores the results in "result"
     * @param right defines the second operand
     * @param result defines the Color4 object where to store the result
     * @returns the current Color4 object
     */
    public subtractToRef(right: DeepImmutable<Color4>, result: Color4): Color4 {
        result.r = this.r - right.r;
        result.g = this.g - right.g;
        result.b = this.b - right.b;
        result.a = this.a - right.a;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new Color4 with the current Color4 values multiplied by scale
     * @param scale defines the scaling factor to apply
     * @returns a new Color4 object
     */
    public scale(scale: number): Color4 {
        return new Color4(this.r * scale, this.g * scale, this.b * scale, this.a * scale);
    }

    /**
     * Multiplies the current Color4 values by scale and stores the result in "result"
     * @param scale defines the scaling factor to apply
     * @param result defines the Color4 object where to store the result
     * @returns the current unmodified Color4
     */
    public scaleToRef(scale: number, result: Color4): Color4 {
        result.r = this.r * scale;
        result.g = this.g * scale;
        result.b = this.b * scale;
        result.a = this.a * scale;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Scale the current Color4 values by a factor and add the result to a given Color4
     * @param scale defines the scale factor
     * @param result defines the Color4 object where to store the result
     * @returns the unmodified current Color4
     */
    public scaleAndAddToRef(scale: number, result: Color4): Color4 {
        result.r += this.r * scale;
        result.g += this.g * scale;
        result.b += this.b * scale;
        result.a += this.a * scale;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Clamps the rgb values by the min and max values and stores the result into "result"
     * @param min defines minimum clamping value (default is 0)
     * @param max defines maximum clamping value (default is 1)
     * @param result defines color to store the result into.
     * @returns the cuurent Color4
     */
    public clampToRef(min: number = 0, max: number = 1, result: Color4): Color4 {
        result.r = Scalar.Clamp(this.r, min, max);
        result.g = Scalar.Clamp(this.g, min, max);
        result.b = Scalar.Clamp(this.b, min, max);
        result.a = Scalar.Clamp(this.a, min, max);
        return this;
    }

    /**
      * Multipy an Color4 value by another and return a new Color4 object
      * @param color defines the Color4 value to multiply by
      * @returns a new Color4 object
      */
    public multiply(color: Color4): Color4 {
        return new Color4(this.r * color.r, this.g * color.g, this.b * color.b, this.a * color.a);
    }

    /**
     * Multipy a Color4 value by another and push the result in a reference value
     * @param color defines the Color4 value to multiply by
     * @param result defines the Color4 to fill the result in
     * @returns the result Color4
     */
    public multiplyToRef(color: Color4, result: Color4): Color4 {
        result.r = this.r * color.r;
        result.g = this.g * color.g;
        result.b = this.b * color.b;
        result.a = this.a * color.a;
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a string with the Color4 current values
     * @returns the string representation of the Color4 object
     */
    public toString(): string {
        return "{R: " + this.r + " G:" + this.g + " B:" + this.b + " A:" + this.a + "}";
    }

    /**
     * Returns the string "Color4"
     * @returns "Color4"
     */
    public getClassName(): string {
        return "Color4";
    }

    /**
     * Compute the Color4 hash code
     * @returns an unique number that can be used to hash Color4 objects
     */
    public getHashCode(): number {
        let hash = (this.r * 255) | 0;
        hash = (hash * 397) ^ ((this.g * 255) | 0);
        hash = (hash * 397) ^ ((this.b * 255) | 0);
        hash = (hash * 397) ^ ((this.a * 255) | 0);
        return hash;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new Color4 copied from the current one
     * @returns a new Color4 object
     */
    public clone(): Color4 {
        return new Color4(this.r, this.g, this.b, this.a);
    }

    /**
     * Copies the given Color4 values into the current one
     * @param source defines the source Color4 object
     * @returns the current updated Color4 object
     */
    public copyFrom(source: Color4): Color4 {
        this.r = source.r;
        this.g = source.g;
        this.b = source.b;
        this.a = source.a;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Copies the given float values into the current one
     * @param r defines the red component to read from
     * @param g defines the green component to read from
     * @param b defines the blue component to read from
     * @param a defines the alpha component to read from
     * @returns the current updated Color4 object
     */
    public copyFromFloats(r: number, g: number, b: number, a: number): Color4 {
        this.r = r;
        this.g = g;
        this.b = b;
        this.a = a;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Copies the given float values into the current one
     * @param r defines the red component to read from
     * @param g defines the green component to read from
     * @param b defines the blue component to read from
     * @param a defines the alpha component to read from
     * @returns the current updated Color4 object
     */
    public set(r: number, g: number, b: number, a: number): Color4 {
        return this.copyFromFloats(r, g, b, a);
    }

    /**
     * Compute the Color4 hexadecimal code as a string
     * @returns a string containing the hexadecimal representation of the Color4 object
     */
    public toHexString(): string {
        var intR = (this.r * 255) | 0;
        var intG = (this.g * 255) | 0;
        var intB = (this.b * 255) | 0;
        var intA = (this.a * 255) | 0;
        return "#" + Scalar.ToHex(intR) + Scalar.ToHex(intG) + Scalar.ToHex(intB) + Scalar.ToHex(intA);
    }

    /**
     * Computes a new Color4 converted from the current one to linear space
     * @returns a new Color4 object
     */
    public toLinearSpace(): Color4 {
        var convertedColor = new Color4();
        this.toLinearSpaceToRef(convertedColor);
        return convertedColor;
    }

    /**
     * Converts the Color4 values to linear space and stores the result in "convertedColor"
     * @param convertedColor defines the Color4 object where to store the linear space version
     * @returns the unmodified Color4
     */
    public toLinearSpaceToRef(convertedColor: Color4): Color4 {
        convertedColor.r = Math.pow(this.r, ToLinearSpace);
        convertedColor.g = Math.pow(this.g, ToLinearSpace);
        convertedColor.b = Math.pow(this.b, ToLinearSpace);
        convertedColor.a = this.a;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Computes a new Color4 converted from the current one to gamma space
     * @returns a new Color4 object
     */
    public toGammaSpace(): Color4 {
        var convertedColor = new Color4();
        this.toGammaSpaceToRef(convertedColor);
        return convertedColor;
    }

    /**
     * Converts the Color4 values to gamma space and stores the result in "convertedColor"
     * @param convertedColor defines the Color4 object where to store the gamma space version
     * @returns the unmodified Color4
     */
    public toGammaSpaceToRef(convertedColor: Color4): Color4 {
        convertedColor.r = Math.pow(this.r, ToGammaSpace);
        convertedColor.g = Math.pow(this.g, ToGammaSpace);
        convertedColor.b = Math.pow(this.b, ToGammaSpace);
        convertedColor.a = this.a;
        return this;
    }

    // Statics

    /**
     * Creates a new Color4 from the string containing valid hexadecimal values
     * @param hex defines a string containing valid hexadecimal values
     * @returns a new Color4 object
     */
    public static FromHexString(hex: string): Color4 {
        if (hex.substring(0, 1) !== "#" || hex.length !== 9) {
            return new Color4(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
        }

        var r = parseInt(hex.substring(1, 3), 16);
        var g = parseInt(hex.substring(3, 5), 16);
        var b = parseInt(hex.substring(5, 7), 16);
        var a = parseInt(hex.substring(7, 9), 16);

        return Color4.FromInts(r, g, b, a);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new Color4 object set with the linearly interpolated values of "amount" between the left Color4 object and the right Color4 object
     * @param left defines the start value
     * @param right defines the end value
     * @param amount defines the gradient factor
     * @returns a new Color4 object
     */
    public static Lerp(left: DeepImmutable<Color4>, right: DeepImmutable<Color4>, amount: number): Color4 {
        var result = new Color4(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
        Color4.LerpToRef(left, right, amount, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Set the given "result" with the linearly interpolated values of "amount" between the left Color4 object and the right Color4 object
     * @param left defines the start value
     * @param right defines the end value
     * @param amount defines the gradient factor
     * @param result defines the Color4 object where to store data
     */
    public static LerpToRef(left: DeepImmutable<Color4>, right: DeepImmutable<Color4>, amount: number, result: Color4): void {
        result.r = left.r + (right.r - left.r) * amount;
        result.g = left.g + (right.g - left.g) * amount;
        result.b = left.b + (right.b - left.b) * amount;
        result.a = left.a + (right.a - left.a) * amount;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new Color4 from a Color3 and an alpha value
     * @param color3 defines the source Color3 to read from
     * @param alpha defines the alpha component (1.0 by default)
     * @returns a new Color4 object
     */
    public static FromColor3(color3: DeepImmutable<Color3>, alpha: number = 1.0): Color4 {
        return new Color4(color3.r, color3.g, color3.b, alpha);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new Color4 from the starting index element of the given array
     * @param array defines the source array to read from
     * @param offset defines the offset in the source array
     * @returns a new Color4 object
     */
    public static FromArray(array: DeepImmutable<ArrayLike<number>>, offset: number = 0): Color4 {
        return new Color4(array[offset], array[offset + 1], array[offset + 2], array[offset + 3]);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new Color3 from integer values (< 256)
     * @param r defines the red component to read from (value between 0 and 255)
     * @param g defines the green component to read from (value between 0 and 255)
     * @param b defines the blue component to read from (value between 0 and 255)
     * @param a defines the alpha component to read from (value between 0 and 255)
     * @returns a new Color3 object
     */
    public static FromInts(r: number, g: number, b: number, a: number): Color4 {
        return new Color4(r / 255.0, g / 255.0, b / 255.0, a / 255.0);
    }

    /**
     * Check the content of a given array and convert it to an array containing RGBA data
     * If the original array was already containing count * 4 values then it is returned directly
     * @param colors defines the array to check
     * @param count defines the number of RGBA data to expect
     * @returns an array containing count * 4 values (RGBA)
     */
    public static CheckColors4(colors: number[], count: number): number[] {
        // Check if color3 was used
        if (colors.length === count * 3) {
            var colors4 = [];
            for (var index = 0; index < colors.length; index += 3) {
                var newIndex = (index / 3) * 4;
                colors4[newIndex] = colors[index];
                colors4[newIndex + 1] = colors[index + 1];
                colors4[newIndex + 2] = colors[index + 2];
                colors4[newIndex + 3] = 1.0;
            }

            return colors4;
        }

        return colors;
    }
}

/**
 * Class representing a vector containing 2 coordinates
 */
export class Vector2 {
    /**
     * Creates a new Vector2 from the given x and y coordinates
     * @param x defines the first coordinate
     * @param y defines the second coordinate
     */
    constructor(
        /** defines the first coordinate */
        public x: number = 0,
        /** defines the second coordinate */
        public y: number = 0) {
    }

    /**
     * Gets a string with the Vector2 coordinates
     * @returns a string with the Vector2 coordinates
     */
    public toString(): string {
        return "{X: " + this.x + " Y:" + this.y + "}";
    }

    /**
     * Gets class name
     * @returns the string "Vector2"
     */
    public getClassName(): string {
        return "Vector2";
    }

    /**
     * Gets current vector hash code
     * @returns the Vector2 hash code as a number
     */
    public getHashCode(): number {
        let hash = this.x | 0;
        hash = (hash * 397) ^ (this.y | 0);
        return hash;
    }

    // Operators

    /**
     * Sets the Vector2 coordinates in the given array or Float32Array from the given index.
     * @param array defines the source array
     * @param index defines the offset in source array
     * @returns the current Vector2
     */
    public toArray(array: FloatArray, index: number = 0): Vector2 {
        array[index] = this.x;
        array[index + 1] = this.y;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Copy the current vector to an array
     * @returns a new array with 2 elements: the Vector2 coordinates.
     */
    public asArray(): number[] {
        var result = new Array<number>();
        this.toArray(result, 0);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the Vector2 coordinates with the given Vector2 coordinates
     * @param source defines the source Vector2
     * @returns the current updated Vector2
     */
    public copyFrom(source: DeepImmutable<Vector2>): Vector2 {
        this.x = source.x;
        this.y = source.y;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the Vector2 coordinates with the given floats
     * @param x defines the first coordinate
     * @param y defines the second coordinate
     * @returns the current updated Vector2
     */
    public copyFromFloats(x: number, y: number): Vector2 {
        this.x = x;
        this.y = y;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the Vector2 coordinates with the given floats
     * @param x defines the first coordinate
     * @param y defines the second coordinate
     * @returns the current updated Vector2
     */
    public set(x: number, y: number): Vector2 {
        return this.copyFromFloats(x, y);
    }
    /**
     * Add another vector with the current one
     * @param otherVector defines the other vector
     * @returns a new Vector2 set with the addition of the current Vector2 and the given one coordinates
     */
    public add(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector2>): Vector2 {
        return new Vector2(this.x + otherVector.x, this.y + otherVector.y);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the "result" coordinates with the addition of the current Vector2 and the given one coordinates
     * @param otherVector defines the other vector
     * @param result defines the target vector
     * @returns the unmodified current Vector2
     */
    public addToRef(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector2>, result: Vector2): Vector2 {
        result.x = this.x + otherVector.x;
        result.y = this.y + otherVector.y;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set the Vector2 coordinates by adding the given Vector2 coordinates
     * @param otherVector defines the other vector
     * @returns the current updated Vector2
     */
    public addInPlace(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector2>): Vector2 {
        this.x += otherVector.x;
        this.y += otherVector.y;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Gets a new Vector2 by adding the current Vector2 coordinates to the given Vector3 x, y coordinates
     * @param otherVector defines the other vector
     * @returns a new Vector2
     */
    public addVector3(otherVector: Vector3): Vector2 {
        return new Vector2(this.x + otherVector.x, this.y + otherVector.y);
    }

    /**
     * Gets a new Vector2 set with the subtracted coordinates of the given one from the current Vector2
     * @param otherVector defines the other vector
     * @returns a new Vector2
     */
    public subtract(otherVector: Vector2): Vector2 {
        return new Vector2(this.x - otherVector.x, this.y - otherVector.y);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the "result" coordinates with the subtraction of the given one from the current Vector2 coordinates.
     * @param otherVector defines the other vector
     * @param result defines the target vector
     * @returns the unmodified current Vector2
     */
    public subtractToRef(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector2>, result: Vector2): Vector2 {
        result.x = this.x - otherVector.x;
        result.y = this.y - otherVector.y;
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Sets the current Vector2 coordinates by subtracting from it the given one coordinates
     * @param otherVector defines the other vector
     * @returns the current updated Vector2
     */
    public subtractInPlace(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector2>): Vector2 {
        this.x -= otherVector.x;
        this.y -= otherVector.y;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Multiplies in place the current Vector2 coordinates by the given ones
     * @param otherVector defines the other vector
     * @returns the current updated Vector2
     */
    public multiplyInPlace(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector2>): Vector2 {
        this.x *= otherVector.x;
        this.y *= otherVector.y;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector2 set with the multiplication of the current Vector2 and the given one coordinates
     * @param otherVector defines the other vector
     * @returns a new Vector2
     */
    public multiply(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector2>): Vector2 {
        return new Vector2(this.x * otherVector.x, this.y * otherVector.y);
    }

    /**
     * Sets "result" coordinates with the multiplication of the current Vector2 and the given one coordinates
     * @param otherVector defines the other vector
     * @param result defines the target vector
     * @returns the unmodified current Vector2
     */
    public multiplyToRef(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector2>, result: Vector2): Vector2 {
        result.x = this.x * otherVector.x;
        result.y = this.y * otherVector.y;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Gets a new Vector2 set with the Vector2 coordinates multiplied by the given floats
     * @param x defines the first coordinate
     * @param y defines the second coordinate
     * @returns a new Vector2
     */
    public multiplyByFloats(x: number, y: number): Vector2 {
        return new Vector2(this.x * x, this.y * y);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector2 set with the Vector2 coordinates divided by the given one coordinates
     * @param otherVector defines the other vector
     * @returns a new Vector2
     */
    public divide(otherVector: Vector2): Vector2 {
        return new Vector2(this.x / otherVector.x, this.y / otherVector.y);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the "result" coordinates with the Vector2 divided by the given one coordinates
     * @param otherVector defines the other vector
     * @param result defines the target vector
     * @returns the unmodified current Vector2
     */
    public divideToRef(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector2>, result: Vector2): Vector2 {
        result.x = this.x / otherVector.x;
        result.y = this.y / otherVector.y;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Divides the current Vector2 coordinates by the given ones
     * @param otherVector defines the other vector
     * @returns the current updated Vector2
     */
    public divideInPlace(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector2>): Vector2 {
        return this.divideToRef(otherVector, this);
    }

    /**
     * Gets a new Vector2 with current Vector2 negated coordinates
     * @returns a new Vector2
     */
    public negate(): Vector2 {
        return new Vector2(-this.x, -this.y);
    }

    /**
     * Multiply the Vector2 coordinates by scale
     * @param scale defines the scaling factor
     * @returns the current updated Vector2
     */
    public scaleInPlace(scale: number): Vector2 {
        this.x *= scale;
        this.y *= scale;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector2 scaled by "scale" from the current Vector2
     * @param scale defines the scaling factor
     * @returns a new Vector2
     */
    public scale(scale: number): Vector2 {
        let result = new Vector2(0, 0);
        this.scaleToRef(scale, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Scale the current Vector2 values by a factor to a given Vector2
     * @param scale defines the scale factor
     * @param result defines the Vector2 object where to store the result
     * @returns the unmodified current Vector2
     */
    public scaleToRef(scale: number, result: Vector2): Vector2 {
        result.x = this.x * scale;
        result.y = this.y * scale;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Scale the current Vector2 values by a factor and add the result to a given Vector2
     * @param scale defines the scale factor
     * @param result defines the Vector2 object where to store the result
     * @returns the unmodified current Vector2
     */
    public scaleAndAddToRef(scale: number, result: Vector2): Vector2 {
        result.x += this.x * scale;
        result.y += this.y * scale;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Gets a boolean if two vectors are equals
     * @param otherVector defines the other vector
     * @returns true if the given vector coordinates strictly equal the current Vector2 ones
     */
    public equals(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector2>): boolean {
        return otherVector && this.x === otherVector.x && this.y === otherVector.y;
    }

    /**
     * Gets a boolean if two vectors are equals (using an epsilon value)
     * @param otherVector defines the other vector
     * @param epsilon defines the minimal distance to consider equality
     * @returns true if the given vector coordinates are close to the current ones by a distance of epsilon.
     */
    public equalsWithEpsilon(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector2>, epsilon: number = Epsilon): boolean {
        return otherVector && Scalar.WithinEpsilon(this.x, otherVector.x, epsilon) && Scalar.WithinEpsilon(this.y, otherVector.y, epsilon);
    }

    /**
     * Gets a new Vector2 from current Vector2 floored values
     * @returns a new Vector2
     */
    public floor(): Vector2 {
        return new Vector2(Math.floor(this.x), Math.floor(this.y));
    }

    /**
     * Gets a new Vector2 from current Vector2 floored values
     * @returns a new Vector2
     */
    public fract(): Vector2 {
        return new Vector2(this.x - Math.floor(this.x), this.y - Math.floor(this.y));
    }

    // Properties

    /**
     * Gets the length of the vector
     * @returns the vector length (float)
     */
    public length(): number {
        return Math.sqrt(this.x * this.x + this.y * this.y);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the vector squared length
     * @returns the vector squared length (float)
     */
    public lengthSquared(): number {
        return (this.x * this.x + this.y * this.y);
    }

    // Methods

    /**
     * Normalize the vector
     * @returns the current updated Vector2
     */
    public normalize(): Vector2 {
        var len = this.length();

        if (len === 0) {
            return this;
        }

        var num = 1.0 / len;

        this.x *= num;
        this.y *= num;

        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Gets a new Vector2 copied from the Vector2
     * @returns a new Vector2
     */
    public clone(): Vector2 {
        return new Vector2(this.x, this.y);
    }

    // Statics

    /**
     * Gets a new Vector2(0, 0)
     * @returns a new Vector2
     */
    public static Zero(): Vector2 {
        return new Vector2(0, 0);
    }

    /**
     * Gets a new Vector2(1, 1)
     * @returns a new Vector2
     */
    public static One(): Vector2 {
        return new Vector2(1, 1);
    }

    /**
     * Gets a new Vector2 set from the given index element of the given array
     * @param array defines the data source
     * @param offset defines the offset in the data source
     * @returns a new Vector2
     */
    public static FromArray(array: DeepImmutable<ArrayLike<number>>, offset: number = 0): Vector2 {
        return new Vector2(array[offset], array[offset + 1]);
    }

    /**
     * Sets "result" from the given index element of the given array
     * @param array defines the data source
     * @param offset defines the offset in the data source
     * @param result defines the target vector
     */
    public static FromArrayToRef(array: DeepImmutable<ArrayLike<number>>, offset: number, result: Vector2): void {
        result.x = array[offset];
        result.y = array[offset + 1];
    }

    /**
     * Gets a new Vector2 located for "amount" (float) on the CatmullRom spline defined by the given four Vector2
     * @param value1 defines 1st point of control
     * @param value2 defines 2nd point of control
     * @param value3 defines 3rd point of control
     * @param value4 defines 4th point of control
     * @param amount defines the interpolation factor
     * @returns a new Vector2
     */
    public static CatmullRom(value1: DeepImmutable<Vector2>, value2: DeepImmutable<Vector2>, value3: DeepImmutable<Vector2>, value4: DeepImmutable<Vector2>, amount: number): Vector2 {
        var squared = amount * amount;
        var cubed = amount * squared;

        var x = 0.5 * ((((2.0 * value2.x) + ((-value1.x + value3.x) * amount)) +
            (((((2.0 * value1.x) - (5.0 * value2.x)) + (4.0 * value3.x)) - value4.x) * squared)) +
            ((((-value1.x + (3.0 * value2.x)) - (3.0 * value3.x)) + value4.x) * cubed));

        var y = 0.5 * ((((2.0 * value2.y) + ((-value1.y + value3.y) * amount)) +
            (((((2.0 * value1.y) - (5.0 * value2.y)) + (4.0 * value3.y)) - value4.y) * squared)) +
            ((((-value1.y + (3.0 * value2.y)) - (3.0 * value3.y)) + value4.y) * cubed));

        return new Vector2(x, y);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector2 set with same the coordinates than "value" ones if the vector "value" is in the square defined by "min" and "max".
     * If a coordinate of "value" is lower than "min" coordinates, the returned Vector2 is given this "min" coordinate.
     * If a coordinate of "value" is greater than "max" coordinates, the returned Vector2 is given this "max" coordinate
     * @param value defines the value to clamp
     * @param min defines the lower limit
     * @param max defines the upper limit
     * @returns a new Vector2
     */
    public static Clamp(value: DeepImmutable<Vector2>, min: DeepImmutable<Vector2>, max: DeepImmutable<Vector2>): Vector2 {
        var x = value.x;
        x = (x > max.x) ? max.x : x;
        x = (x < min.x) ? min.x : x;

        var y = value.y;
        y = (y > max.y) ? max.y : y;
        y = (y < min.y) ? min.y : y;

        return new Vector2(x, y);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector2 located for "amount" (float) on the Hermite spline defined by the vectors "value1", "value3", "tangent1", "tangent2"
     * @param value1 defines the 1st control point
     * @param tangent1 defines the outgoing tangent
     * @param value2 defines the 2nd control point
     * @param tangent2 defines the incoming tangent
     * @param amount defines the interpolation factor
     * @returns a new Vector2
     */
    public static Hermite(value1: DeepImmutable<Vector2>, tangent1: DeepImmutable<Vector2>, value2: DeepImmutable<Vector2>, tangent2: DeepImmutable<Vector2>, amount: number): Vector2 {
        var squared = amount * amount;
        var cubed = amount * squared;
        var part1 = ((2.0 * cubed) - (3.0 * squared)) + 1.0;
        var part2 = (-2.0 * cubed) + (3.0 * squared);
        var part3 = (cubed - (2.0 * squared)) + amount;
        var part4 = cubed - squared;

        var x = (((value1.x * part1) + (value2.x * part2)) + (tangent1.x * part3)) + (tangent2.x * part4);
        var y = (((value1.y * part1) + (value2.y * part2)) + (tangent1.y * part3)) + (tangent2.y * part4);

        return new Vector2(x, y);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector2 located for "amount" (float) on the linear interpolation between the vector "start" adn the vector "end".
     * @param start defines the start vector
     * @param end defines the end vector
     * @param amount defines the interpolation factor
     * @returns a new Vector2
     */
    public static Lerp(start: DeepImmutable<Vector2>, end: DeepImmutable<Vector2>, amount: number): Vector2 {
        var x = start.x + ((end.x - start.x) * amount);
        var y = start.y + ((end.y - start.y) * amount);
        return new Vector2(x, y);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the dot product of the vector "left" and the vector "right"
     * @param left defines first vector
     * @param right defines second vector
     * @returns the dot product (float)
     */
    public static Dot(left: DeepImmutable<Vector2>, right: DeepImmutable<Vector2>): number {
        return left.x * right.x + left.y * right.y;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector2 equal to the normalized given vector
     * @param vector defines the vector to normalize
     * @returns a new Vector2
     */
    public static Normalize(vector: DeepImmutable<Vector2>): Vector2 {
        var newVector = vector.clone();
        newVector.normalize();
        return newVector;
    }

    /**
     * Gets a new Vector2 set with the minimal coordinate values from the "left" and "right" vectors
     * @param left defines 1st vector
     * @param right defines 2nd vector
     * @returns a new Vector2
     */
    public static Minimize(left: DeepImmutable<Vector2>, right: DeepImmutable<Vector2>): Vector2 {
        var x = (left.x < right.x) ? left.x : right.x;
        var y = (left.y < right.y) ? left.y : right.y;
        return new Vector2(x, y);
    }

    /**
     * Gets a new Vecto2 set with the maximal coordinate values from the "left" and "right" vectors
     * @param left defines 1st vector
     * @param right defines 2nd vector
     * @returns a new Vector2
     */
    public static Maximize(left: DeepImmutable<Vector2>, right: DeepImmutable<Vector2>): Vector2 {
        var x = (left.x > right.x) ? left.x : right.x;
        var y = (left.y > right.y) ? left.y : right.y;
        return new Vector2(x, y);
    }

    /**
     * Gets a new Vector2 set with the transformed coordinates of the given vector by the given transformation matrix
     * @param vector defines the vector to transform
     * @param transformation defines the matrix to apply
     * @returns a new Vector2
     */
    public static Transform(vector: DeepImmutable<Vector2>, transformation: DeepImmutable<Matrix>): Vector2 {
        let r = Vector2.Zero();
        Vector2.TransformToRef(vector, transformation, r);
        return r;
    }

    /**
     * Transforms the given vector coordinates by the given transformation matrix and stores the result in the vector "result" coordinates
     * @param vector defines the vector to transform
     * @param transformation defines the matrix to apply
     * @param result defines the target vector
     */
    public static TransformToRef(vector: DeepImmutable<Vector2>, transformation: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, result: Vector2) {
        const m = transformation.m;
        var x = (vector.x * m[0]) + (vector.y * m[4]) + m[12];
        var y = (vector.x * m[1]) + (vector.y * m[5]) + m[13];
        result.x = x;
        result.y = y;
    }

    /**
     * Determines if a given vector is included in a triangle
     * @param p defines the vector to test
     * @param p0 defines 1st triangle point
     * @param p1 defines 2nd triangle point
     * @param p2 defines 3rd triangle point
     * @returns true if the point "p" is in the triangle defined by the vertors "p0", "p1", "p2"
     */
    public static PointInTriangle(p: DeepImmutable<Vector2>, p0: DeepImmutable<Vector2>, p1: DeepImmutable<Vector2>, p2: DeepImmutable<Vector2>) {
        let a = 1 / 2 * (-p1.y * p2.x + p0.y * (-p1.x + p2.x) + p0.x * (p1.y - p2.y) + p1.x * p2.y);
        let sign = a < 0 ? -1 : 1;
        let s = (p0.y * p2.x - p0.x * p2.y + (p2.y - p0.y) * p.x + (p0.x - p2.x) * p.y) * sign;
        let t = (p0.x * p1.y - p0.y * p1.x + (p0.y - p1.y) * p.x + (p1.x - p0.x) * p.y) * sign;

        return s > 0 && t > 0 && (s + t) < 2 * a * sign;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the distance between the vectors "value1" and "value2"
     * @param value1 defines first vector
     * @param value2 defines second vector
     * @returns the distance between vectors
     */
    public static Distance(value1: DeepImmutable<Vector2>, value2: DeepImmutable<Vector2>): number {
        return Math.sqrt(Vector2.DistanceSquared(value1, value2));
    }

    /**
     * Returns the squared distance between the vectors "value1" and "value2"
     * @param value1 defines first vector
     * @param value2 defines second vector
     * @returns the squared distance between vectors
     */
    public static DistanceSquared(value1: DeepImmutable<Vector2>, value2: DeepImmutable<Vector2>): number {
        var x = value1.x - value2.x;
        var y = value1.y - value2.y;
        return (x * x) + (y * y);
    }

    /**
     * Gets a new Vector2 located at the center of the vectors "value1" and "value2"
     * @param value1 defines first vector
     * @param value2 defines second vector
     * @returns a new Vector2
     */
    public static Center(value1: DeepImmutable<Vector2>, value2: DeepImmutable<Vector2>): Vector2 {
        var center = value1.add(value2);
        center.scaleInPlace(0.5);
        return center;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the shortest distance (float) between the point "p" and the segment defined by the two points "segA" and "segB".
     * @param p defines the middle point
     * @param segA defines one point of the segment
     * @param segB defines the other point of the segment
     * @returns the shortest distance
     */
    public static DistanceOfPointFromSegment(p: DeepImmutable<Vector2>, segA: DeepImmutable<Vector2>, segB: DeepImmutable<Vector2>): number {
        let l2 = Vector2.DistanceSquared(segA, segB);
        if (l2 === 0.0) {
            return Vector2.Distance(p, segA);
        }
        let v = segB.subtract(segA);
        let t = Math.max(0, Math.min(1, Vector2.Dot(p.subtract(segA), v) / l2));
        let proj = segA.add(v.multiplyByFloats(t, t));
        return Vector2.Distance(p, proj);
    }
}

/**
 * Classed used to store (x,y,z) vector representation
 * A Vector3 is the main object used in 3D geometry
 * It can represent etiher the coordinates of a point the space, either a direction
 * Reminder: js uses a left handed forward facing system
 */
export class Vector3 {
    private static _UpReadOnly = Vector3.Up() as DeepImmutable<Vector3>;
    private static _ZeroReadOnly = Vector3.Zero() as DeepImmutable<Vector3>;

    /**
     * Creates a new Vector3 object from the given x, y, z (floats) coordinates.
     * @param x defines the first coordinates (on X axis)
     * @param y defines the second coordinates (on Y axis)
     * @param z defines the third coordinates (on Z axis)
     */
    constructor(
        /**
         * Defines the first coordinates (on X axis)
         */
        public x: number = 0,
        /**
         * Defines the second coordinates (on Y axis)
         */
        public y: number = 0,
        /**
         * Defines the third coordinates (on Z axis)
         */
        public z: number = 0
    ) {
    }

    /**
     * Creates a string representation of the Vector3
     * @returns a string with the Vector3 coordinates.
     */
    public toString(): string {
        return "{X: " + this.x + " Y:" + this.y + " Z:" + this.z + "}";
    }

    /**
     * Gets the class name
     * @returns the string "Vector3"
     */
    public getClassName(): string {
        return "Vector3";
    }

    /**
     * Creates the Vector3 hash code
     * @returns a number which tends to be unique between Vector3 instances
     */
    public getHashCode(): number {
        let hash = this.x | 0;
        hash = (hash * 397) ^ (this.y | 0);
        hash = (hash * 397) ^ (this.z | 0);
        return hash;
    }

    // Operators

    /**
     * Creates an array containing three elements : the coordinates of the Vector3
     * @returns a new array of numbers
     */
    public asArray(): number[] {
        var result: number[] = [];
        this.toArray(result, 0);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Populates the given array or Float32Array from the given index with the successive coordinates of the Vector3
     * @param array defines the destination array
     * @param index defines the offset in the destination array
     * @returns the current Vector3
     */
    public toArray(array: FloatArray, index: number = 0): Vector3 {
        array[index] = this.x;
        array[index + 1] = this.y;
        array[index + 2] = this.z;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Converts the current Vector3 into a quaternion (considering that the Vector3 contains Euler angles representation of a rotation)
     * @returns a new Quaternion object, computed from the Vector3 coordinates
     */
    public toQuaternion(): Quaternion {
        return Quaternion.RotationYawPitchRoll(this.y, this.x, this.z);
    }

    /**
     * Adds the given vector to the current Vector3
     * @param otherVector defines the second operand
     * @returns the current updated Vector3
     */
    public addInPlace(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): Vector3 {
        return this.addInPlaceFromFloats(otherVector.x, otherVector.y, otherVector.z);
    }

    /**
     * Adds the given coordinates to the current Vector3
     * @param x defines the x coordinate of the operand
     * @param y defines the y coordinate of the operand
     * @param z defines the z coordinate of the operand
     * @returns the current updated Vector3
     */
    public addInPlaceFromFloats(x: number, y: number, z: number): Vector3 {
        this.x += x;
        this.y += y;
        this.z += z;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Gets a new Vector3, result of the addition the current Vector3 and the given vector
     * @param otherVector defines the second operand
     * @returns the resulting Vector3
     */
    public add(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): Vector3 {
        return new Vector3(this.x + otherVector.x, this.y + otherVector.y, this.z + otherVector.z);
    }

    /**
     * Adds the current Vector3 to the given one and stores the result in the vector "result"
     * @param otherVector defines the second operand
     * @param result defines the Vector3 object where to store the result
     * @returns the current Vector3
     */
    public addToRef(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, result: Vector3): Vector3 {
        return result.copyFromFloats(this.x + otherVector.x, this.y + otherVector.y, this.z + otherVector.z);
    }

    /**
     * Subtract the given vector from the current Vector3
     * @param otherVector defines the second operand
     * @returns the current updated Vector3
     */
    public subtractInPlace(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): Vector3 {
        this.x -= otherVector.x;
        this.y -= otherVector.y;
        this.z -= otherVector.z;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector3, result of the subtraction of the given vector from the current Vector3
     * @param otherVector defines the second operand
     * @returns the resulting Vector3
     */
    public subtract(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): Vector3 {
        return new Vector3(this.x - otherVector.x, this.y - otherVector.y, this.z - otherVector.z);
    }

    /**
     * Subtracts the given vector from the current Vector3 and stores the result in the vector "result".
     * @param otherVector defines the second operand
     * @param result defines the Vector3 object where to store the result
     * @returns the current Vector3
     */
    public subtractToRef(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, result: Vector3): Vector3 {
        return this.subtractFromFloatsToRef(otherVector.x, otherVector.y, otherVector.z, result);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector3 set with the subtraction of the given floats from the current Vector3 coordinates
     * @param x defines the x coordinate of the operand
     * @param y defines the y coordinate of the operand
     * @param z defines the z coordinate of the operand
     * @returns the resulting Vector3
     */
    public subtractFromFloats(x: number, y: number, z: number): Vector3 {
        return new Vector3(this.x - x, this.y - y, this.z - z);
    }

    /**
     * Subtracts the given floats from the current Vector3 coordinates and set the given vector "result" with this result
     * @param x defines the x coordinate of the operand
     * @param y defines the y coordinate of the operand
     * @param z defines the z coordinate of the operand
     * @param result defines the Vector3 object where to store the result
     * @returns the current Vector3
     */
    public subtractFromFloatsToRef(x: number, y: number, z: number, result: Vector3): Vector3 {
        return result.copyFromFloats(this.x - x, this.y - y, this.z - z);
    }

    /**
     * Gets a new Vector3 set with the current Vector3 negated coordinates
     * @returns a new Vector3
     */
    public negate(): Vector3 {
        return new Vector3(-this.x, -this.y, -this.z);
    }

    /**
     * Multiplies the Vector3 coordinates by the float "scale"
     * @param scale defines the multiplier factor
     * @returns the current updated Vector3
     */
    public scaleInPlace(scale: number): Vector3 {
        this.x *= scale;
        this.y *= scale;
        this.z *= scale;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector3 set with the current Vector3 coordinates multiplied by the float "scale"
     * @param scale defines the multiplier factor
     * @returns a new Vector3
     */
    public scale(scale: number): Vector3 {
        return new Vector3(this.x * scale, this.y * scale, this.z * scale);
    }

    /**
     * Multiplies the current Vector3 coordinates by the float "scale" and stores the result in the given vector "result" coordinates
     * @param scale defines the multiplier factor
     * @param result defines the Vector3 object where to store the result
     * @returns the current Vector3
     */
    public scaleToRef(scale: number, result: Vector3): Vector3 {
        return result.copyFromFloats(this.x * scale, this.y * scale, this.z * scale);
    }

    /**
     * Scale the current Vector3 values by a factor and add the result to a given Vector3
     * @param scale defines the scale factor
     * @param result defines the Vector3 object where to store the result
     * @returns the unmodified current Vector3
     */
    public scaleAndAddToRef(scale: number, result: Vector3): Vector3 {
        return result.addInPlaceFromFloats(this.x * scale, this.y * scale, this.z * scale);
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if the current Vector3 and the given vector coordinates are strictly equal
     * @param otherVector defines the second operand
     * @returns true if both vectors are equals
     */
    public equals(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): boolean {
        return otherVector && this.x === otherVector.x && this.y === otherVector.y && this.z === otherVector.z;
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if the current Vector3 and the given vector coordinates are distant less than epsilon
     * @param otherVector defines the second operand
     * @param epsilon defines the minimal distance to define values as equals
     * @returns true if both vectors are distant less than epsilon
     */
    public equalsWithEpsilon(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, epsilon: number = Epsilon): boolean {
        return otherVector && Scalar.WithinEpsilon(this.x, otherVector.x, epsilon) && Scalar.WithinEpsilon(this.y, otherVector.y, epsilon) && Scalar.WithinEpsilon(this.z, otherVector.z, epsilon);
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if the current Vector3 coordinates equals the given floats
     * @param x defines the x coordinate of the operand
     * @param y defines the y coordinate of the operand
     * @param z defines the z coordinate of the operand
     * @returns true if both vectors are equals
     */
    public equalsToFloats(x: number, y: number, z: number): boolean {
        return this.x === x && this.y === y && this.z === z;
    }

    /**
     * Multiplies the current Vector3 coordinates by the given ones
     * @param otherVector defines the second operand
     * @returns the current updated Vector3
     */
    public multiplyInPlace(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): Vector3 {
        this.x *= otherVector.x;
        this.y *= otherVector.y;
        this.z *= otherVector.z;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector3, result of the multiplication of the current Vector3 by the given vector
     * @param otherVector defines the second operand
     * @returns the new Vector3
     */
    public multiply(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): Vector3 {
        return this.multiplyByFloats(otherVector.x, otherVector.y, otherVector.z);
    }

    /**
     * Multiplies the current Vector3 by the given one and stores the result in the given vector "result"
     * @param otherVector defines the second operand
     * @param result defines the Vector3 object where to store the result
     * @returns the current Vector3
     */
    public multiplyToRef(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, result: Vector3): Vector3 {
        return result.copyFromFloats(this.x * otherVector.x, this.y * otherVector.y, this.z * otherVector.z);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector3 set with the result of the mulliplication of the current Vector3 coordinates by the given floats
     * @param x defines the x coordinate of the operand
     * @param y defines the y coordinate of the operand
     * @param z defines the z coordinate of the operand
     * @returns the new Vector3
     */
    public multiplyByFloats(x: number, y: number, z: number): Vector3 {
        return new Vector3(this.x * x, this.y * y, this.z * z);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector3 set with the result of the division of the current Vector3 coordinates by the given ones
     * @param otherVector defines the second operand
     * @returns the new Vector3
     */
    public divide(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): Vector3 {
        return new Vector3(this.x / otherVector.x, this.y / otherVector.y, this.z / otherVector.z);
    }

    /**
     * Divides the current Vector3 coordinates by the given ones and stores the result in the given vector "result"
     * @param otherVector defines the second operand
     * @param result defines the Vector3 object where to store the result
     * @returns the current Vector3
     */
    public divideToRef(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, result: Vector3): Vector3 {
        return result.copyFromFloats(this.x / otherVector.x, this.y / otherVector.y, this.z / otherVector.z);
    }

    /**
     * Divides the current Vector3 coordinates by the given ones.
     * @param otherVector defines the second operand
     * @returns the current updated Vector3
     */
    public divideInPlace(otherVector: Vector3): Vector3 {
        return this.divideToRef(otherVector, this);
    }

    /**
     * Updates the current Vector3 with the minimal coordinate values between its and the given vector ones
     * @param other defines the second operand
     * @returns the current updated Vector3
     */
    public minimizeInPlace(other: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): Vector3 {
        return this.minimizeInPlaceFromFloats(other.x, other.y, other.z);
    }

    /**
     * Updates the current Vector3 with the maximal coordinate values between its and the given vector ones.
     * @param other defines the second operand
     * @returns the current updated Vector3
     */
    public maximizeInPlace(other: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): Vector3 {
        return this.maximizeInPlaceFromFloats(other.x, other.y, other.z);
    }

    /**
     * Updates the current Vector3 with the minimal coordinate values between its and the given coordinates
     * @param x defines the x coordinate of the operand
     * @param y defines the y coordinate of the operand
     * @param z defines the z coordinate of the operand
     * @returns the current updated Vector3
     */
    public minimizeInPlaceFromFloats(x: number, y: number, z: number): Vector3 {
        if (x < this.x) { this.x = x; }
        if (y < this.y) { this.y = y; }
        if (z < this.z) { this.z = z; }
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Updates the current Vector3 with the maximal coordinate values between its and the given coordinates.
     * @param x defines the x coordinate of the operand
     * @param y defines the y coordinate of the operand
     * @param z defines the z coordinate of the operand
     * @returns the current updated Vector3
     */
    public maximizeInPlaceFromFloats(x: number, y: number, z: number): Vector3 {
        if (x > this.x) { this.x = x; }
        if (y > this.y) { this.y = y; }
        if (z > this.z) { this.z = z; }
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Due to float precision, scale of a mesh could be uniform but float values are off by a small fraction
     * Check if is non uniform within a certain amount of decimal places to account for this
     * @param epsilon the amount the values can differ
     * @returns if the the vector is non uniform to a certain number of decimal places
     */
    public isNonUniformWithinEpsilon(epsilon: number) {
        let absX = Math.abs(this.x);
        let absY = Math.abs(this.y);
        if (!Scalar.WithinEpsilon(absX, absY, epsilon)) {
            return true;
        }

        let absZ = Math.abs(this.z);
        if (!Scalar.WithinEpsilon(absX, absZ, epsilon)) {
            return true;
        }

        if (!Scalar.WithinEpsilon(absY, absZ, epsilon)) {
            return true;
        }

        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Gets a boolean indicating that the vector is non uniform meaning x, y or z are not all the same
     */
    public get isNonUniform(): boolean {
        let absX = Math.abs(this.x);
        let absY = Math.abs(this.y);
        if (absX !== absY) {
            return true;
        }

        let absZ = Math.abs(this.z);
        if (absX !== absZ) {
            return true;
        }

        if (absY !== absZ) {
            return true;
        }

        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Gets a new Vector3 from current Vector3 floored values
     * @returns a new Vector3
     */
    public floor(): Vector3 {
        return new Vector3(Math.floor(this.x), Math.floor(this.y), Math.floor(this.z));
    }

    /**
     * Gets a new Vector3 from current Vector3 floored values
     * @returns a new Vector3
     */
    public fract(): Vector3 {
        return new Vector3(this.x - Math.floor(this.x), this.y - Math.floor(this.y), this.z - Math.floor(this.z));
    }

    // Properties
    /**
     * Gets the length of the Vector3
     * @returns the length of the Vector3
     */
    public length(): number {
        return Math.sqrt(this.x * this.x + this.y * this.y + this.z * this.z);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the squared length of the Vector3
     * @returns squared length of the Vector3
     */
    public lengthSquared(): number {
        return (this.x * this.x + this.y * this.y + this.z * this.z);
    }

    /**
     * Normalize the current Vector3.
     * Please note that this is an in place operation.
     * @returns the current updated Vector3
     */
    public normalize(): Vector3 {
        return this.normalizeFromLength(this.length());
    }

    /**
     * Reorders the x y z properties of the vector in place
     * @param order new ordering of the properties (eg. for vector 1,2,3 with "ZYX" will produce 3,2,1)
     * @returns the current updated vector
     */
    public reorderInPlace(order: string) {
        order = order.toLowerCase();
        if (order === "xyz") {
            return this;
        }
        MathTmp.Vector3[0].copyFrom(this);
        ["x", "y", "z"].forEach((val, i) => {
            (<any>this)[val] = (<any>MathTmp.Vector3[0])[order[i]];
        });
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Rotates the vector around 0,0,0 by a quaternion
     * @param quaternion the rotation quaternion
     * @param result vector to store the result
     * @returns the resulting vector
     */
    public rotateByQuaternionToRef(quaternion: Quaternion, result: Vector3) {
        quaternion.toRotationMatrix(MathTmp.Matrix[0]);
        Vector3.TransformCoordinatesToRef(this, MathTmp.Matrix[0], result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Rotates a vector around a given point
     * @param quaternion the rotation quaternion
     * @param point the point to rotate around
     * @param result vector to store the result
     * @returns the resulting vector
     */
    public rotateByQuaternionAroundPointToRef(quaternion: Quaternion, point: Vector3, result: Vector3) {
        this.subtractToRef(point, MathTmp.Vector3[0]);
        MathTmp.Vector3[0].rotateByQuaternionToRef(quaternion, MathTmp.Vector3[0]);
        point.addToRef(MathTmp.Vector3[0], result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Normalize the current Vector3 with the given input length.
     * Please note that this is an in place operation.
     * @param len the length of the vector
     * @returns the current updated Vector3
     */
    public normalizeFromLength(len: number): Vector3 {
        if (len === 0 || len === 1.0) {
            return this;
        }

        return this.scaleInPlace(1.0 / len);
    }

    /**
     * Normalize the current Vector3 to a new vector
     * @returns the new Vector3
     */
    public normalizeToNew(): Vector3 {
        const normalized = new Vector3(0, 0, 0);
        this.normalizeToRef(normalized);
        return normalized;
    }

    /**
     * Normalize the current Vector3 to the reference
     * @param reference define the Vector3 to update
     * @returns the updated Vector3
     */
    public normalizeToRef(reference: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): Vector3 {
        var len = this.length();
        if (len === 0 || len === 1.0) {
            return reference.copyFromFloats(this.x, this.y, this.z);
        }

        return this.scaleToRef(1.0 / len, reference);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new Vector3 copied from the current Vector3
     * @returns the new Vector3
     */
    public clone(): Vector3 {
        return new Vector3(this.x, this.y, this.z);
    }

    /**
     * Copies the given vector coordinates to the current Vector3 ones
     * @param source defines the source Vector3
     * @returns the current updated Vector3
     */
    public copyFrom(source: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): Vector3 {
        return this.copyFromFloats(source.x, source.y, source.z);
    }

    /**
     * Copies the given floats to the current Vector3 coordinates
     * @param x defines the x coordinate of the operand
     * @param y defines the y coordinate of the operand
     * @param z defines the z coordinate of the operand
     * @returns the current updated Vector3
     */
    public copyFromFloats(x: number, y: number, z: number): Vector3 {
        this.x = x;
        this.y = y;
        this.z = z;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Copies the given floats to the current Vector3 coordinates
     * @param x defines the x coordinate of the operand
     * @param y defines the y coordinate of the operand
     * @param z defines the z coordinate of the operand
     * @returns the current updated Vector3
     */
    public set(x: number, y: number, z: number): Vector3 {
        return this.copyFromFloats(x, y, z);
    }

    /**
     * Copies the given float to the current Vector3 coordinates
     * @param v defines the x, y and z coordinates of the operand
     * @returns the current updated Vector3
     */
    public setAll(v: number): Vector3 {
        this.x = this.y = this.z = v;
        return this;
    }

    // Statics

    /**
     * Get the clip factor between two vectors
     * @param vector0 defines the first operand
     * @param vector1 defines the second operand
     * @param axis defines the axis to use
     * @param size defines the size along the axis
     * @returns the clip factor
     */
    public static GetClipFactor(vector0: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, vector1: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, axis: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, size: number) {
        var d0 = Vector3.Dot(vector0, axis) - size;
        var d1 = Vector3.Dot(vector1, axis) - size;

        var s = d0 / (d0 - d1);

        return s;
    }

    /**
     * Get angle between two vectors
     * @param vector0 angle between vector0 and vector1
     * @param vector1 angle between vector0 and vector1
     * @param normal direction of the normal
     * @return the angle between vector0 and vector1
     */
    public static GetAngleBetweenVectors(vector0: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, vector1: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, normal: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): number {
        const v0: Vector3 = vector0.normalizeToRef(MathTmp.Vector3[1]);
        const v1: Vector3 = vector1.normalizeToRef(MathTmp.Vector3[2]);
        const dot: number = Vector3.Dot(v0, v1);
        const n = MathTmp.Vector3[3];
        Vector3.CrossToRef(v0, v1, n);
        if (Vector3.Dot(n, normal) > 0) {
            return Math.acos(dot);
        }
        return -Math.acos(dot);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector3 set from the index "offset" of the given array
     * @param array defines the source array
     * @param offset defines the offset in the source array
     * @returns the new Vector3
     */
    public static FromArray(array: DeepImmutable<ArrayLike<number>>, offset: number = 0): Vector3 {
        return new Vector3(array[offset], array[offset + 1], array[offset + 2]);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector3 set from the index "offset" of the given Float32Array
     * This function is deprecated. Use FromArray instead
     * @param array defines the source array
     * @param offset defines the offset in the source array
     * @returns the new Vector3
     */
    public static FromFloatArray(array: DeepImmutable<Float32Array>, offset?: number): Vector3 {
        return Vector3.FromArray(array, offset);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the given vector "result" with the element values from the index "offset" of the given array
     * @param array defines the source array
     * @param offset defines the offset in the source array
     * @param result defines the Vector3 where to store the result
     */
    public static FromArrayToRef(array: DeepImmutable<ArrayLike<number>>, offset: number, result: Vector3): void {
        result.x = array[offset];
        result.y = array[offset + 1];
        result.z = array[offset + 2];
    }

    /**
     * Sets the given vector "result" with the element values from the index "offset" of the given Float32Array
     * This function is deprecated.  Use FromArrayToRef instead.
     * @param array defines the source array
     * @param offset defines the offset in the source array
     * @param result defines the Vector3 where to store the result
     */
    public static FromFloatArrayToRef(array: DeepImmutable<Float32Array>, offset: number, result: Vector3): void {
        return Vector3.FromArrayToRef(array, offset, result);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the given vector "result" with the given floats.
     * @param x defines the x coordinate of the source
     * @param y defines the y coordinate of the source
     * @param z defines the z coordinate of the source
     * @param result defines the Vector3 where to store the result
     */
    public static FromFloatsToRef(x: number, y: number, z: number, result: Vector3): void {
        result.copyFromFloats(x, y, z);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector3 set to (0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
     * @returns a new empty Vector3
     */
    public static Zero(): Vector3 {
        return new Vector3(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
    }
    /**
     * Returns a new Vector3 set to (1.0, 1.0, 1.0)
     * @returns a new unit Vector3
     */
    public static One(): Vector3 {
        return new Vector3(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
    }
    /**
     * Returns a new Vector3 set to (0.0, 1.0, 0.0)
     * @returns a new up Vector3
     */
    public static Up(): Vector3 {
        return new Vector3(0.0, 1.0, 0.0);
    }

    /**
     * Gets a up Vector3 that must not be updated
     */
    public static get UpReadOnly(): DeepImmutable<Vector3> {
        return Vector3._UpReadOnly;
    }

    /**
     * Gets a zero Vector3 that must not be updated
     */
    public static get ZeroReadOnly(): DeepImmutable<Vector3> {
        return Vector3._ZeroReadOnly;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector3 set to (0.0, -1.0, 0.0)
     * @returns a new down Vector3
     */
    public static Down(): Vector3 {
        return new Vector3(0.0, -1.0, 0.0);
    }
    /**
     * Returns a new Vector3 set to (0.0, 0.0, 1.0)
     * @returns a new forward Vector3
     */
    public static Forward(): Vector3 {
        return new Vector3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
    }
    /**
     * Returns a new Vector3 set to (0.0, 0.0, -1.0)
     * @returns a new forward Vector3
     */
    public static Backward(): Vector3 {
        return new Vector3(0.0, 0.0, -1.0);
    }
    /**
     * Returns a new Vector3 set to (1.0, 0.0, 0.0)
     * @returns a new right Vector3
     */
    public static Right(): Vector3 {
        return new Vector3(1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
    }
    /**
     * Returns a new Vector3 set to (-1.0, 0.0, 0.0)
     * @returns a new left Vector3
     */
    public static Left(): Vector3 {
        return new Vector3(-1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector3 set with the result of the transformation by the given matrix of the given vector.
     * This method computes tranformed coordinates only, not transformed direction vectors (ie. it takes translation in account)
     * @param vector defines the Vector3 to transform
     * @param transformation defines the transformation matrix
     * @returns the transformed Vector3
     */
    public static TransformCoordinates(vector: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, transformation: DeepImmutable<Matrix>): Vector3 {
        var result = Vector3.Zero();
        Vector3.TransformCoordinatesToRef(vector, transformation, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the given vector "result" coordinates with the result of the transformation by the given matrix of the given vector
     * This method computes tranformed coordinates only, not transformed direction vectors (ie. it takes translation in account)
     * @param vector defines the Vector3 to transform
     * @param transformation defines the transformation matrix
     * @param result defines the Vector3 where to store the result
     */
    public static TransformCoordinatesToRef(vector: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, transformation: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, result: Vector3): void {
        Vector3.TransformCoordinatesFromFloatsToRef(vector.x, vector.y, vector.z, transformation, result);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the given vector "result" coordinates with the result of the transformation by the given matrix of the given floats (x, y, z)
     * This method computes tranformed coordinates only, not transformed direction vectors
     * @param x define the x coordinate of the source vector
     * @param y define the y coordinate of the source vector
     * @param z define the z coordinate of the source vector
     * @param transformation defines the transformation matrix
     * @param result defines the Vector3 where to store the result
     */
    public static TransformCoordinatesFromFloatsToRef(x: number, y: number, z: number, transformation: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, result: Vector3): void {
        const m = transformation.m;
        var rx = x * m[0] + y * m[4] + z * m[8] + m[12];
        var ry = x * m[1] + y * m[5] + z * m[9] + m[13];
        var rz = x * m[2] + y * m[6] + z * m[10] + m[14];
        var rw = 1 / (x * m[3] + y * m[7] + z * m[11] + m[15]);

        result.x = rx * rw;
        result.y = ry * rw;
        result.z = rz * rw;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector3 set with the result of the normal transformation by the given matrix of the given vector
     * This methods computes transformed normalized direction vectors only (ie. it does not apply translation)
     * @param vector defines the Vector3 to transform
     * @param transformation defines the transformation matrix
     * @returns the new Vector3
     */
    public static TransformNormal(vector: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, transformation: DeepImmutable<Matrix>): Vector3 {
        var result = Vector3.Zero();
        Vector3.TransformNormalToRef(vector, transformation, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the given vector "result" with the result of the normal transformation by the given matrix of the given vector
     * This methods computes transformed normalized direction vectors only (ie. it does not apply translation)
     * @param vector defines the Vector3 to transform
     * @param transformation defines the transformation matrix
     * @param result defines the Vector3 where to store the result
     */
    public static TransformNormalToRef(vector: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, transformation: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, result: Vector3): void {
        this.TransformNormalFromFloatsToRef(vector.x, vector.y, vector.z, transformation, result);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the given vector "result" with the result of the normal transformation by the given matrix of the given floats (x, y, z)
     * This methods computes transformed normalized direction vectors only (ie. it does not apply translation)
     * @param x define the x coordinate of the source vector
     * @param y define the y coordinate of the source vector
     * @param z define the z coordinate of the source vector
     * @param transformation defines the transformation matrix
     * @param result defines the Vector3 where to store the result
     */
    public static TransformNormalFromFloatsToRef(x: number, y: number, z: number, transformation: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, result: Vector3): void {
        const m = transformation.m;
        result.x = x * m[0] + y * m[4] + z * m[8];
        result.y = x * m[1] + y * m[5] + z * m[9];
        result.z = x * m[2] + y * m[6] + z * m[10];
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector3 located for "amount" on the CatmullRom interpolation spline defined by the vectors "value1", "value2", "value3", "value4"
     * @param value1 defines the first control point
     * @param value2 defines the second control point
     * @param value3 defines the third control point
     * @param value4 defines the fourth control point
     * @param amount defines the amount on the spline to use
     * @returns the new Vector3
     */
    public static CatmullRom(value1: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, value2: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, value3: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, value4: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, amount: number): Vector3 {
        var squared = amount * amount;
        var cubed = amount * squared;

        var x = 0.5 * ((((2.0 * value2.x) + ((-value1.x + value3.x) * amount)) +
            (((((2.0 * value1.x) - (5.0 * value2.x)) + (4.0 * value3.x)) - value4.x) * squared)) +
            ((((-value1.x + (3.0 * value2.x)) - (3.0 * value3.x)) + value4.x) * cubed));

        var y = 0.5 * ((((2.0 * value2.y) + ((-value1.y + value3.y) * amount)) +
            (((((2.0 * value1.y) - (5.0 * value2.y)) + (4.0 * value3.y)) - value4.y) * squared)) +
            ((((-value1.y + (3.0 * value2.y)) - (3.0 * value3.y)) + value4.y) * cubed));

        var z = 0.5 * ((((2.0 * value2.z) + ((-value1.z + value3.z) * amount)) +
            (((((2.0 * value1.z) - (5.0 * value2.z)) + (4.0 * value3.z)) - value4.z) * squared)) +
            ((((-value1.z + (3.0 * value2.z)) - (3.0 * value3.z)) + value4.z) * cubed));

        return new Vector3(x, y, z);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector3 set with the coordinates of "value", if the vector "value" is in the cube defined by the vectors "min" and "max"
     * If a coordinate value of "value" is lower than one of the "min" coordinate, then this "value" coordinate is set with the "min" one
     * If a coordinate value of "value" is greater than one of the "max" coordinate, then this "value" coordinate is set with the "max" one
     * @param value defines the current value
     * @param min defines the lower range value
     * @param max defines the upper range value
     * @returns the new Vector3
     */
    public static Clamp(value: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, min: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, max: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): Vector3 {
        const v = new Vector3();
        Vector3.ClampToRef(value, min, max, v);
        return v;
    }
    /**
     * Sets the given vector "result" with the coordinates of "value", if the vector "value" is in the cube defined by the vectors "min" and "max"
     * If a coordinate value of "value" is lower than one of the "min" coordinate, then this "value" coordinate is set with the "min" one
     * If a coordinate value of "value" is greater than one of the "max" coordinate, then this "value" coordinate is set with the "max" one
     * @param value defines the current value
     * @param min defines the lower range value
     * @param max defines the upper range value
     * @param result defines the Vector3 where to store the result
     */
    public static ClampToRef(value: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, min: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, max: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, result: Vector3): void {
        var x = value.x;
        x = (x > max.x) ? max.x : x;
        x = (x < min.x) ? min.x : x;

        var y = value.y;
        y = (y > max.y) ? max.y : y;
        y = (y < min.y) ? min.y : y;

        var z = value.z;
        z = (z > max.z) ? max.z : z;
        z = (z < min.z) ? min.z : z;

        result.copyFromFloats(x, y, z);
    }

    /**
     * Checks if a given vector is inside a specific range
     * @param v defines the vector to test
     * @param min defines the minimum range
     * @param max defines the maximum range
     */
    public static CheckExtends(v: Vector3, min: Vector3, max: Vector3): void {
        min.minimizeInPlace(v);
        max.maximizeInPlace(v);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector3 located for "amount" (float) on the Hermite interpolation spline defined by the vectors "value1", "tangent1", "value2", "tangent2"
     * @param value1 defines the first control point
     * @param tangent1 defines the first tangent vector
     * @param value2 defines the second control point
     * @param tangent2 defines the second tangent vector
     * @param amount defines the amount on the interpolation spline (between 0 and 1)
     * @returns the new Vector3
     */
    public static Hermite(value1: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, tangent1: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, value2: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, tangent2: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, amount: number): Vector3 {
        var squared = amount * amount;
        var cubed = amount * squared;
        var part1 = ((2.0 * cubed) - (3.0 * squared)) + 1.0;
        var part2 = (-2.0 * cubed) + (3.0 * squared);
        var part3 = (cubed - (2.0 * squared)) + amount;
        var part4 = cubed - squared;

        var x = (((value1.x * part1) + (value2.x * part2)) + (tangent1.x * part3)) + (tangent2.x * part4);
        var y = (((value1.y * part1) + (value2.y * part2)) + (tangent1.y * part3)) + (tangent2.y * part4);
        var z = (((value1.z * part1) + (value2.z * part2)) + (tangent1.z * part3)) + (tangent2.z * part4);
        return new Vector3(x, y, z);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector3 located for "amount" (float) on the linear interpolation between the vectors "start" and "end"
     * @param start defines the start value
     * @param end defines the end value
     * @param amount max defines amount between both (between 0 and 1)
     * @returns the new Vector3
     */
    public static Lerp(start: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, end: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, amount: number): Vector3 {
        var result = new Vector3(0, 0, 0);
        Vector3.LerpToRef(start, end, amount, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the given vector "result" with the result of the linear interpolation from the vector "start" for "amount" to the vector "end"
     * @param start defines the start value
     * @param end defines the end value
     * @param amount max defines amount between both (between 0 and 1)
     * @param result defines the Vector3 where to store the result
     */
    public static LerpToRef(start: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, end: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, amount: number, result: Vector3): void {
        result.x = start.x + ((end.x - start.x) * amount);
        result.y = start.y + ((end.y - start.y) * amount);
        result.z = start.z + ((end.z - start.z) * amount);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the dot product (float) between the vectors "left" and "right"
     * @param left defines the left operand
     * @param right defines the right operand
     * @returns the dot product
     */
    public static Dot(left: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, right: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): number {
        return (left.x * right.x + left.y * right.y + left.z * right.z);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector3 as the cross product of the vectors "left" and "right"
     * The cross product is then orthogonal to both "left" and "right"
     * @param left defines the left operand
     * @param right defines the right operand
     * @returns the cross product
     */
    public static Cross(left: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, right: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): Vector3 {
        var result = Vector3.Zero();
        Vector3.CrossToRef(left, right, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the given vector "result" with the cross product of "left" and "right"
     * The cross product is then orthogonal to both "left" and "right"
     * @param left defines the left operand
     * @param right defines the right operand
     * @param result defines the Vector3 where to store the result
     */
    public static CrossToRef(left: Vector3, right: Vector3, result: Vector3): void {
        const x = left.y * right.z - left.z * right.y;
        const y = left.z * right.x - left.x * right.z;
        const z = left.x * right.y - left.y * right.x;
        result.copyFromFloats(x, y, z);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector3 as the normalization of the given vector
     * @param vector defines the Vector3 to normalize
     * @returns the new Vector3
     */
    public static Normalize(vector: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): Vector3 {
        var result = Vector3.Zero();
        Vector3.NormalizeToRef(vector, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the given vector "result" with the normalization of the given first vector
     * @param vector defines the Vector3 to normalize
     * @param result defines the Vector3 where to store the result
     */
    public static NormalizeToRef(vector: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, result: Vector3): void {
        vector.normalizeToRef(result);
    }

    /**
     * Project a Vector3 onto screen space
     * @param vector defines the Vector3 to project
     * @param world defines the world matrix to use
     * @param transform defines the transform (view x projection) matrix to use
     * @param viewport defines the screen viewport to use
     * @returns the new Vector3
     */
    public static Project(vector: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, world: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, transform: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, viewport: DeepImmutable<Viewport>): Vector3 {
        var cw = viewport.width;
        var ch = viewport.height;
        var cx = viewport.x;
        var cy = viewport.y;

        var viewportMatrix = MathTmp.Matrix[1];

        Matrix.FromValuesToRef(
            cw / 2.0, 0, 0, 0,
            0, -ch / 2.0, 0, 0,
            0, 0, 0.5, 0,
            cx + cw / 2.0, ch / 2.0 + cy, 0.5, 1, viewportMatrix);

        var matrix = MathTmp.Matrix[0];
        world.multiplyToRef(transform, matrix);
        matrix.multiplyToRef(viewportMatrix, matrix);

        return Vector3.TransformCoordinates(vector, matrix);
    }

    /** @hidden */
    public static _UnprojectFromInvertedMatrixToRef(source: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, matrix: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, result: Vector3) {
        Vector3.TransformCoordinatesToRef(source, matrix, result);
        const m = matrix.m;
        var num = source.x * m[3] + source.y * m[7] + source.z * m[11] + m[15];
        if (Scalar.WithinEpsilon(num, 1.0)) {
            result.scaleInPlace(1.0 / num);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Unproject from screen space to object space
     * @param source defines the screen space Vector3 to use
     * @param viewportWidth defines the current width of the viewport
     * @param viewportHeight defines the current height of the viewport
     * @param world defines the world matrix to use (can be set to Identity to go to world space)
     * @param transform defines the transform (view x projection) matrix to use
     * @returns the new Vector3
     */
    public static UnprojectFromTransform(source: Vector3, viewportWidth: number, viewportHeight: number, world: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, transform: DeepImmutable<Matrix>): Vector3 {
        var matrix = MathTmp.Matrix[0];
        world.multiplyToRef(transform, matrix);
        matrix.invert();
        source.x = source.x / viewportWidth * 2 - 1;
        source.y = -(source.y / viewportHeight * 2 - 1);
        const vector = new Vector3();
        Vector3._UnprojectFromInvertedMatrixToRef(source, matrix, vector);
        return vector;
    }

    /**
     * Unproject from screen space to object space
     * @param source defines the screen space Vector3 to use
     * @param viewportWidth defines the current width of the viewport
     * @param viewportHeight defines the current height of the viewport
     * @param world defines the world matrix to use (can be set to Identity to go to world space)
     * @param view defines the view matrix to use
     * @param projection defines the projection matrix to use
     * @returns the new Vector3
     */
    public static Unproject(source: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, viewportWidth: number, viewportHeight: number, world: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, view: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, projection: DeepImmutable<Matrix>): Vector3 {
        let result = Vector3.Zero();

        Vector3.UnprojectToRef(source, viewportWidth, viewportHeight, world, view, projection, result);

        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Unproject from screen space to object space
     * @param source defines the screen space Vector3 to use
     * @param viewportWidth defines the current width of the viewport
     * @param viewportHeight defines the current height of the viewport
     * @param world defines the world matrix to use (can be set to Identity to go to world space)
     * @param view defines the view matrix to use
     * @param projection defines the projection matrix to use
     * @param result defines the Vector3 where to store the result
     */
    public static UnprojectToRef(source: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, viewportWidth: number, viewportHeight: number, world: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, view: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, projection: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, result: Vector3): void {
        Vector3.UnprojectFloatsToRef(source.x, source.y, source.z, viewportWidth, viewportHeight, world, view, projection, result);
    }

    /**
     * Unproject from screen space to object space
     * @param sourceX defines the screen space x coordinate to use
     * @param sourceY defines the screen space y coordinate to use
     * @param sourceZ defines the screen space z coordinate to use
     * @param viewportWidth defines the current width of the viewport
     * @param viewportHeight defines the current height of the viewport
     * @param world defines the world matrix to use (can be set to Identity to go to world space)
     * @param view defines the view matrix to use
     * @param projection defines the projection matrix to use
     * @param result defines the Vector3 where to store the result
     */
    public static UnprojectFloatsToRef(sourceX: float, sourceY: float, sourceZ: float, viewportWidth: number, viewportHeight: number, world: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, view: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, projection: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, result: Vector3): void {
        var matrix = MathTmp.Matrix[0];
        world.multiplyToRef(view, matrix);
        matrix.multiplyToRef(projection, matrix);
        matrix.invert();
        var screenSource = MathTmp.Vector3[0];
        screenSource.x = sourceX / viewportWidth * 2 - 1;
        screenSource.y = -(sourceY / viewportHeight * 2 - 1);
        screenSource.z = 2 * sourceZ - 1.0;
        Vector3._UnprojectFromInvertedMatrixToRef(screenSource, matrix, result);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the minimal coordinate values between two Vector3
     * @param left defines the first operand
     * @param right defines the second operand
     * @returns the new Vector3
     */
    public static Minimize(left: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, right: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): Vector3 {
        var min = left.clone();
        min.minimizeInPlace(right);
        return min;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the maximal coordinate values between two Vector3
     * @param left defines the first operand
     * @param right defines the second operand
     * @returns the new Vector3
     */
    public static Maximize(left: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, right: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): Vector3 {
        var max = left.clone();
        max.maximizeInPlace(right);
        return max;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the distance between the vectors "value1" and "value2"
     * @param value1 defines the first operand
     * @param value2 defines the second operand
     * @returns the distance
     */
    public static Distance(value1: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, value2: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): number {
        return Math.sqrt(Vector3.DistanceSquared(value1, value2));
    }

    /**
     * Returns the squared distance between the vectors "value1" and "value2"
     * @param value1 defines the first operand
     * @param value2 defines the second operand
     * @returns the squared distance
     */
    public static DistanceSquared(value1: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, value2: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): number {
        var x = value1.x - value2.x;
        var y = value1.y - value2.y;
        var z = value1.z - value2.z;

        return (x * x) + (y * y) + (z * z);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector3 located at the center between "value1" and "value2"
     * @param value1 defines the first operand
     * @param value2 defines the second operand
     * @returns the new Vector3
     */
    public static Center(value1: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, value2: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): Vector3 {
        var center = value1.add(value2);
        center.scaleInPlace(0.5);
        return center;
    }

    /**
     * Given three orthogonal normalized left-handed oriented Vector3 axis in space (target system),
     * RotationFromAxis() returns the rotation Euler angles (ex : rotation.x, rotation.y, rotation.z) to apply
     * to something in order to rotate it from its local system to the given target system
     * Note: axis1, axis2 and axis3 are normalized during this operation
     * @param axis1 defines the first axis
     * @param axis2 defines the second axis
     * @param axis3 defines the third axis
     * @returns a new Vector3
     */
    public static RotationFromAxis(axis1: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, axis2: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, axis3: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): Vector3 {
        var rotation = Vector3.Zero();
        Vector3.RotationFromAxisToRef(axis1, axis2, axis3, rotation);
        return rotation;
    }

    /**
     * The same than RotationFromAxis but updates the given ref Vector3 parameter instead of returning a new Vector3
     * @param axis1 defines the first axis
     * @param axis2 defines the second axis
     * @param axis3 defines the third axis
     * @param ref defines the Vector3 where to store the result
     */
    public static RotationFromAxisToRef(axis1: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, axis2: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, axis3: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, ref: Vector3): void {
        var quat = MathTmp.Quaternion[0];
        Quaternion.RotationQuaternionFromAxisToRef(axis1, axis2, axis3, quat);
        quat.toEulerAnglesToRef(ref);
    }
}

/**
 * Vector4 class created for EulerAngle class conversion to Quaternion
 */
export class Vector4 {
    /**
     * Creates a Vector4 object from the given floats.
     * @param x x value of the vector
     * @param y y value of the vector
     * @param z z value of the vector
     * @param w w value of the vector
     */
    constructor(
        /** x value of the vector */
        public x: number,
        /** y value of the vector */
        public y: number,
        /** z value of the vector */
        public z: number,
        /** w value of the vector */
        public w: number
    ) { }

    /**
     * Returns the string with the Vector4 coordinates.
     * @returns a string containing all the vector values
     */
    public toString(): string {
        return "{X: " + this.x + " Y:" + this.y + " Z:" + this.z + " W:" + this.w + "}";
    }

    /**
     * Returns the string "Vector4".
     * @returns "Vector4"
     */
    public getClassName(): string {
        return "Vector4";
    }

    /**
     * Returns the Vector4 hash code.
     * @returns a unique hash code
     */
    public getHashCode(): number {
        let hash = this.x | 0;
        hash = (hash * 397) ^ (this.y | 0);
        hash = (hash * 397) ^ (this.z | 0);
        hash = (hash * 397) ^ (this.w | 0);
        return hash;
    }

    // Operators
    /**
     * Returns a new array populated with 4 elements : the Vector4 coordinates.
     * @returns the resulting array
     */
    public asArray(): number[] {
        var result = new Array<number>();

        this.toArray(result, 0);

        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Populates the given array from the given index with the Vector4 coordinates.
     * @param array array to populate
     * @param index index of the array to start at (default: 0)
     * @returns the Vector4.
     */
    public toArray(array: FloatArray, index?: number): Vector4 {
        if (index === undefined) {
            index = 0;
        }
        array[index] = this.x;
        array[index + 1] = this.y;
        array[index + 2] = this.z;
        array[index + 3] = this.w;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Adds the given vector to the current Vector4.
     * @param otherVector the vector to add
     * @returns the updated Vector4.
     */
    public addInPlace(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector4>): Vector4 {
        this.x += otherVector.x;
        this.y += otherVector.y;
        this.z += otherVector.z;
        this.w += otherVector.w;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector4 as the result of the addition of the current Vector4 and the given one.
     * @param otherVector the vector to add
     * @returns the resulting vector
     */
    public add(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector4>): Vector4 {
        return new Vector4(this.x + otherVector.x, this.y + otherVector.y, this.z + otherVector.z, this.w + otherVector.w);
    }

    /**
     * Updates the given vector "result" with the result of the addition of the current Vector4 and the given one.
     * @param otherVector the vector to add
     * @param result the vector to store the result
     * @returns the current Vector4.
     */
    public addToRef(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector4>, result: Vector4): Vector4 {
        result.x = this.x + otherVector.x;
        result.y = this.y + otherVector.y;
        result.z = this.z + otherVector.z;
        result.w = this.w + otherVector.w;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Subtract in place the given vector from the current Vector4.
     * @param otherVector the vector to subtract
     * @returns the updated Vector4.
     */
    public subtractInPlace(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector4>): Vector4 {
        this.x -= otherVector.x;
        this.y -= otherVector.y;
        this.z -= otherVector.z;
        this.w -= otherVector.w;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector4 with the result of the subtraction of the given vector from the current Vector4.
     * @param otherVector the vector to add
     * @returns the new vector with the result
     */
    public subtract(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector4>): Vector4 {
        return new Vector4(this.x - otherVector.x, this.y - otherVector.y, this.z - otherVector.z, this.w - otherVector.w);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the given vector "result" with the result of the subtraction of the given vector from the current Vector4.
     * @param otherVector the vector to subtract
     * @param result the vector to store the result
     * @returns the current Vector4.
     */
    public subtractToRef(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector4>, result: Vector4): Vector4 {
        result.x = this.x - otherVector.x;
        result.y = this.y - otherVector.y;
        result.z = this.z - otherVector.z;
        result.w = this.w - otherVector.w;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector4 set with the result of the subtraction of the given floats from the current Vector4 coordinates.
     */
    /**
     * Returns a new Vector4 set with the result of the subtraction of the given floats from the current Vector4 coordinates.
     * @param x value to subtract
     * @param y value to subtract
     * @param z value to subtract
     * @param w value to subtract
     * @returns new vector containing the result
     */
    public subtractFromFloats(x: number, y: number, z: number, w: number): Vector4 {
        return new Vector4(this.x - x, this.y - y, this.z - z, this.w - w);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the given vector "result" set with the result of the subtraction of the given floats from the current Vector4 coordinates.
     * @param x value to subtract
     * @param y value to subtract
     * @param z value to subtract
     * @param w value to subtract
     * @param result the vector to store the result in
     * @returns the current Vector4.
     */
    public subtractFromFloatsToRef(x: number, y: number, z: number, w: number, result: Vector4): Vector4 {
        result.x = this.x - x;
        result.y = this.y - y;
        result.z = this.z - z;
        result.w = this.w - w;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector4 set with the current Vector4 negated coordinates.
     * @returns a new vector with the negated values
     */
    public negate(): Vector4 {
        return new Vector4(-this.x, -this.y, -this.z, -this.w);
    }

    /**
     * Multiplies the current Vector4 coordinates by scale (float).
     * @param scale the number to scale with
     * @returns the updated Vector4.
     */
    public scaleInPlace(scale: number): Vector4 {
        this.x *= scale;
        this.y *= scale;
        this.z *= scale;
        this.w *= scale;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector4 set with the current Vector4 coordinates multiplied by scale (float).
     * @param scale the number to scale with
     * @returns a new vector with the result
     */
    public scale(scale: number): Vector4 {
        return new Vector4(this.x * scale, this.y * scale, this.z * scale, this.w * scale);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the given vector "result" with the current Vector4 coordinates multiplied by scale (float).
     * @param scale the number to scale with
     * @param result a vector to store the result in
     * @returns the current Vector4.
     */
    public scaleToRef(scale: number, result: Vector4): Vector4 {
        result.x = this.x * scale;
        result.y = this.y * scale;
        result.z = this.z * scale;
        result.w = this.w * scale;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Scale the current Vector4 values by a factor and add the result to a given Vector4
     * @param scale defines the scale factor
     * @param result defines the Vector4 object where to store the result
     * @returns the unmodified current Vector4
     */
    public scaleAndAddToRef(scale: number, result: Vector4): Vector4 {
        result.x += this.x * scale;
        result.y += this.y * scale;
        result.z += this.z * scale;
        result.w += this.w * scale;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Boolean : True if the current Vector4 coordinates are stricly equal to the given ones.
     * @param otherVector the vector to compare against
     * @returns true if they are equal
     */
    public equals(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector4>): boolean {
        return otherVector && this.x === otherVector.x && this.y === otherVector.y && this.z === otherVector.z && this.w === otherVector.w;
    }

    /**
     * Boolean : True if the current Vector4 coordinates are each beneath the distance "epsilon" from the given vector ones.
     * @param otherVector vector to compare against
     * @param epsilon (Default: very small number)
     * @returns true if they are equal
     */
    public equalsWithEpsilon(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector4>, epsilon: number = Epsilon): boolean {
        return otherVector
            && Scalar.WithinEpsilon(this.x, otherVector.x, epsilon)
            && Scalar.WithinEpsilon(this.y, otherVector.y, epsilon)
            && Scalar.WithinEpsilon(this.z, otherVector.z, epsilon)
            && Scalar.WithinEpsilon(this.w, otherVector.w, epsilon);
    }

    /**
     * Boolean : True if the given floats are strictly equal to the current Vector4 coordinates.
     * @param x x value to compare against
     * @param y y value to compare against
     * @param z z value to compare against
     * @param w w value to compare against
     * @returns true if equal
     */
    public equalsToFloats(x: number, y: number, z: number, w: number): boolean {
        return this.x === x && this.y === y && this.z === z && this.w === w;
    }

    /**
     * Multiplies in place the current Vector4 by the given one.
     * @param otherVector vector to multiple with
     * @returns the updated Vector4.
     */
    public multiplyInPlace(otherVector: Vector4): Vector4 {
        this.x *= otherVector.x;
        this.y *= otherVector.y;
        this.z *= otherVector.z;
        this.w *= otherVector.w;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector4 set with the multiplication result of the current Vector4 and the given one.
     * @param otherVector vector to multiple with
     * @returns resulting new vector
     */
    public multiply(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector4>): Vector4 {
        return new Vector4(this.x * otherVector.x, this.y * otherVector.y, this.z * otherVector.z, this.w * otherVector.w);
    }
    /**
     * Updates the given vector "result" with the multiplication result of the current Vector4 and the given one.
     * @param otherVector vector to multiple with
     * @param result vector to store the result
     * @returns the current Vector4.
     */
    public multiplyToRef(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector4>, result: Vector4): Vector4 {
        result.x = this.x * otherVector.x;
        result.y = this.y * otherVector.y;
        result.z = this.z * otherVector.z;
        result.w = this.w * otherVector.w;
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Returns a new Vector4 set with the multiplication result of the given floats and the current Vector4 coordinates.
     * @param x x value multiply with
     * @param y y value multiply with
     * @param z z value multiply with
     * @param w w value multiply with
     * @returns resulting new vector
     */
    public multiplyByFloats(x: number, y: number, z: number, w: number): Vector4 {
        return new Vector4(this.x * x, this.y * y, this.z * z, this.w * w);
    }
    /**
     * Returns a new Vector4 set with the division result of the current Vector4 by the given one.
     * @param otherVector vector to devide with
     * @returns resulting new vector
     */
    public divide(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector4>): Vector4 {
        return new Vector4(this.x / otherVector.x, this.y / otherVector.y, this.z / otherVector.z, this.w / otherVector.w);
    }
    /**
     * Updates the given vector "result" with the division result of the current Vector4 by the given one.
     * @param otherVector vector to devide with
     * @param result vector to store the result
     * @returns the current Vector4.
     */
    public divideToRef(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector4>, result: Vector4): Vector4 {
        result.x = this.x / otherVector.x;
        result.y = this.y / otherVector.y;
        result.z = this.z / otherVector.z;
        result.w = this.w / otherVector.w;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Divides the current Vector3 coordinates by the given ones.
     * @param otherVector vector to devide with
     * @returns the updated Vector3.
     */
    public divideInPlace(otherVector: DeepImmutable<Vector4>): Vector4 {
        return this.divideToRef(otherVector, this);
    }

    /**
     * Updates the Vector4 coordinates with the minimum values between its own and the given vector ones
     * @param other defines the second operand
     * @returns the current updated Vector4
     */
    public minimizeInPlace(other: DeepImmutable<Vector4>): Vector4 {
        if (other.x < this.x) { this.x = other.x; }
        if (other.y < this.y) { this.y = other.y; }
        if (other.z < this.z) { this.z = other.z; }
        if (other.w < this.w) { this.w = other.w; }
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Updates the Vector4 coordinates with the maximum values between its own and the given vector ones
     * @param other defines the second operand
     * @returns the current updated Vector4
     */
    public maximizeInPlace(other: DeepImmutable<Vector4>): Vector4 {
        if (other.x > this.x) { this.x = other.x; }
        if (other.y > this.y) { this.y = other.y; }
        if (other.z > this.z) { this.z = other.z; }
        if (other.w > this.w) { this.w = other.w; }
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Gets a new Vector4 from current Vector4 floored values
     * @returns a new Vector4
     */
    public floor(): Vector4 {
        return new Vector4(Math.floor(this.x), Math.floor(this.y), Math.floor(this.z), Math.floor(this.w));
    }

    /**
     * Gets a new Vector4 from current Vector3 floored values
     * @returns a new Vector4
     */
    public fract(): Vector4 {
        return new Vector4(this.x - Math.floor(this.x), this.y - Math.floor(this.y), this.z - Math.floor(this.z), this.w - Math.floor(this.w));
    }

    // Properties
    /**
     * Returns the Vector4 length (float).
     * @returns the length
     */
    public length(): number {
        return Math.sqrt(this.x * this.x + this.y * this.y + this.z * this.z + this.w * this.w);
    }
    /**
     * Returns the Vector4 squared length (float).
     * @returns the length squared
     */
    public lengthSquared(): number {
        return (this.x * this.x + this.y * this.y + this.z * this.z + this.w * this.w);
    }

    // Methods
    /**
     * Normalizes in place the Vector4.
     * @returns the updated Vector4.
     */
    public normalize(): Vector4 {
        var len = this.length();

        if (len === 0) {
            return this;
        }

        return this.scaleInPlace(1.0 / len);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector3 from the Vector4 (x, y, z) coordinates.
     * @returns this converted to a new vector3
     */
    public toVector3(): Vector3 {
        return new Vector3(this.x, this.y, this.z);
    }
    /**
     * Returns a new Vector4 copied from the current one.
     * @returns the new cloned vector
     */
    public clone(): Vector4 {
        return new Vector4(this.x, this.y, this.z, this.w);
    }
    /**
     * Updates the current Vector4 with the given one coordinates.
     * @param source the source vector to copy from
     * @returns the updated Vector4.
     */
    public copyFrom(source: DeepImmutable<Vector4>): Vector4 {
        this.x = source.x;
        this.y = source.y;
        this.z = source.z;
        this.w = source.w;
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Updates the current Vector4 coordinates with the given floats.
     * @param x float to copy from
     * @param y float to copy from
     * @param z float to copy from
     * @param w float to copy from
     * @returns the updated Vector4.
     */
    public copyFromFloats(x: number, y: number, z: number, w: number): Vector4 {
        this.x = x;
        this.y = y;
        this.z = z;
        this.w = w;
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Updates the current Vector4 coordinates with the given floats.
     * @param x float to set from
     * @param y float to set from
     * @param z float to set from
     * @param w float to set from
     * @returns the updated Vector4.
     */
    public set(x: number, y: number, z: number, w: number): Vector4 {
        return this.copyFromFloats(x, y, z, w);
    }

    /**
     * Copies the given float to the current Vector3 coordinates
     * @param v defines the x, y, z and w coordinates of the operand
     * @returns the current updated Vector3
     */
    public setAll(v: number): Vector4 {
        this.x = this.y = this.z = this.w = v;
        return this;
    }

    // Statics
    /**
     * Returns a new Vector4 set from the starting index of the given array.
     * @param array the array to pull values from
     * @param offset the offset into the array to start at
     * @returns the new vector
     */
    public static FromArray(array: DeepImmutable<ArrayLike<number>>, offset?: number): Vector4 {
        if (!offset) {
            offset = 0;
        }
        return new Vector4(array[offset], array[offset + 1], array[offset + 2], array[offset + 3]);
    }
    /**
     * Updates the given vector "result" from the starting index of the given array.
     * @param array the array to pull values from
     * @param offset the offset into the array to start at
     * @param result the vector to store the result in
     */
    public static FromArrayToRef(array: DeepImmutable<ArrayLike<number>>, offset: number, result: Vector4): void {
        result.x = array[offset];
        result.y = array[offset + 1];
        result.z = array[offset + 2];
        result.w = array[offset + 3];
    }
    /**
     * Updates the given vector "result" from the starting index of the given Float32Array.
     * @param array the array to pull values from
     * @param offset the offset into the array to start at
     * @param result the vector to store the result in
     */
    public static FromFloatArrayToRef(array: DeepImmutable<Float32Array>, offset: number, result: Vector4): void {
        Vector4.FromArrayToRef(array, offset, result);
    }
    /**
     * Updates the given vector "result" coordinates from the given floats.
     * @param x float to set from
     * @param y float to set from
     * @param z float to set from
     * @param w float to set from
     * @param result the vector to the floats in
     */
    public static FromFloatsToRef(x: number, y: number, z: number, w: number, result: Vector4): void {
        result.x = x;
        result.y = y;
        result.z = z;
        result.w = w;
    }
    /**
     * Returns a new Vector4 set to (0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
     * @returns the new vector
     */
    public static Zero(): Vector4 {
        return new Vector4(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
    }
    /**
     * Returns a new Vector4 set to (1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0)
     * @returns the new vector
     */
    public static One(): Vector4 {
        return new Vector4(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
    }
    /**
     * Returns a new normalized Vector4 from the given one.
     * @param vector the vector to normalize
     * @returns the vector
     */
    public static Normalize(vector: DeepImmutable<Vector4>): Vector4 {
        var result = Vector4.Zero();
        Vector4.NormalizeToRef(vector, result);
        return result;
    }
    /**
     * Updates the given vector "result" from the normalization of the given one.
     * @param vector the vector to normalize
     * @param result the vector to store the result in
     */
    public static NormalizeToRef(vector: DeepImmutable<Vector4>, result: Vector4): void {
        result.copyFrom(vector);
        result.normalize();
    }

    /**
     * Returns a vector with the minimum values from the left and right vectors
     * @param left left vector to minimize
     * @param right right vector to minimize
     * @returns a new vector with the minimum of the left and right vector values
     */
    public static Minimize(left: DeepImmutable<Vector4>, right: DeepImmutable<Vector4>): Vector4 {
        var min = left.clone();
        min.minimizeInPlace(right);
        return min;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a vector with the maximum values from the left and right vectors
     * @param left left vector to maximize
     * @param right right vector to maximize
     * @returns a new vector with the maximum of the left and right vector values
     */
    public static Maximize(left: DeepImmutable<Vector4>, right: DeepImmutable<Vector4>): Vector4 {
        var max = left.clone();
        max.maximizeInPlace(right);
        return max;
    }
    /**
     * Returns the distance (float) between the vectors "value1" and "value2".
     * @param value1 value to calulate the distance between
     * @param value2 value to calulate the distance between
     * @return the distance between the two vectors
     */
    public static Distance(value1: DeepImmutable<Vector4>, value2: DeepImmutable<Vector4>): number {
        return Math.sqrt(Vector4.DistanceSquared(value1, value2));
    }
    /**
     * Returns the squared distance (float) between the vectors "value1" and "value2".
     * @param value1 value to calulate the distance between
     * @param value2 value to calulate the distance between
     * @return the distance between the two vectors squared
     */
    public static DistanceSquared(value1: DeepImmutable<Vector4>, value2: DeepImmutable<Vector4>): number {
        var x = value1.x - value2.x;
        var y = value1.y - value2.y;
        var z = value1.z - value2.z;
        var w = value1.w - value2.w;

        return (x * x) + (y * y) + (z * z) + (w * w);
    }
    /**
     * Returns a new Vector4 located at the center between the vectors "value1" and "value2".
     * @param value1 value to calulate the center between
     * @param value2 value to calulate the center between
     * @return the center between the two vectors
     */
    public static Center(value1: DeepImmutable<Vector4>, value2: DeepImmutable<Vector4>): Vector4 {
        var center = value1.add(value2);
        center.scaleInPlace(0.5);
        return center;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector4 set with the result of the normal transformation by the given matrix of the given vector.
     * This methods computes transformed normalized direction vectors only.
     * @param vector the vector to transform
     * @param transformation the transformation matrix to apply
     * @returns the new vector
     */
    public static TransformNormal(vector: DeepImmutable<Vector4>, transformation: DeepImmutable<Matrix>): Vector4 {
        var result = Vector4.Zero();
        Vector4.TransformNormalToRef(vector, transformation, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the given vector "result" with the result of the normal transformation by the given matrix of the given vector.
     * This methods computes transformed normalized direction vectors only.
     * @param vector the vector to transform
     * @param transformation the transformation matrix to apply
     * @param result the vector to store the result in
     */
    public static TransformNormalToRef(vector: DeepImmutable<Vector4>, transformation: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, result: Vector4): void {
        const m = transformation.m;
        var x = (vector.x * m[0]) + (vector.y * m[4]) + (vector.z * m[8]);
        var y = (vector.x * m[1]) + (vector.y * m[5]) + (vector.z * m[9]);
        var z = (vector.x * m[2]) + (vector.y * m[6]) + (vector.z * m[10]);
        result.x = x;
        result.y = y;
        result.z = z;
        result.w = vector.w;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the given vector "result" with the result of the normal transformation by the given matrix of the given floats (x, y, z, w).
     * This methods computes transformed normalized direction vectors only.
     * @param x value to transform
     * @param y value to transform
     * @param z value to transform
     * @param w value to transform
     * @param transformation the transformation matrix to apply
     * @param result the vector to store the results in
     */
    public static TransformNormalFromFloatsToRef(x: number, y: number, z: number, w: number, transformation: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, result: Vector4): void {
        const m = transformation.m;
        result.x = (x * m[0]) + (y * m[4]) + (z * m[8]);
        result.y = (x * m[1]) + (y * m[5]) + (z * m[9]);
        result.z = (x * m[2]) + (y * m[6]) + (z * m[10]);
        result.w = w;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new Vector4 from a Vector3
     * @param source defines the source data
     * @param w defines the 4th component (default is 0)
     * @returns a new Vector4
     */
    public static FromVector3(source: Vector3, w: number = 0) {
        return new Vector4(source.x, source.y, source.z, w);
    }
}

/**
 * Interface for the size containing width and height
 */
export interface ISize {
    /**
     * Width
     */
    width: number;
    /**
     * Heighht
     */
    height: number;
}

/**
 * Size containing widht and height
 */
export class Size implements ISize {
    /**
     * Width
     */
    public width: number;
    /**
     * Height
     */
    public height: number;

    /**
     * Creates a Size object from the given width and height (floats).
     * @param width width of the new size
     * @param height height of the new size
     */
    public constructor(width: number, height: number) {
        this.width = width;
        this.height = height;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a string with the Size width and height
     * @returns a string with the Size width and height
     */
    public toString(): string {
        return `{W: ${this.width}, H: ${this.height}}`;
    }
    /**
     * "Size"
     * @returns the string "Size"
     */
    public getClassName(): string {
        return "Size";
    }
    /**
     * Returns the Size hash code.
     * @returns a hash code for a unique width and height
     */
    public getHashCode(): number {
        let hash = this.width | 0;
        hash = (hash * 397) ^ (this.height | 0);
        return hash;
    }
    /**
     * Updates the current size from the given one.
     * @param src the given size
     */
    public copyFrom(src: Size) {
        this.width = src.width;
        this.height = src.height;
    }
    /**
     * Updates in place the current Size from the given floats.
     * @param width width of the new size
     * @param height height of the new size
     * @returns the updated Size.
     */
    public copyFromFloats(width: number, height: number): Size {
        this.width = width;
        this.height = height;
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Updates in place the current Size from the given floats.
     * @param width width to set
     * @param height height to set
     * @returns the updated Size.
     */
    public set(width: number, height: number): Size {
        return this.copyFromFloats(width, height);
    }
    /**
     * Multiplies the width and height by numbers
     * @param w factor to multiple the width by
     * @param h factor to multiple the height by
     * @returns a new Size set with the multiplication result of the current Size and the given floats.
     */
    public multiplyByFloats(w: number, h: number): Size {
        return new Size(this.width * w, this.height * h);
    }
    /**
     * Clones the size
     * @returns a new Size copied from the given one.
     */
    public clone(): Size {
        return new Size(this.width, this.height);
    }
    /**
     * True if the current Size and the given one width and height are strictly equal.
     * @param other the other size to compare against
     * @returns True if the current Size and the given one width and height are strictly equal.
     */
    public equals(other: Size): boolean {
        if (!other) {
            return false;
        }
        return (this.width === other.width) && (this.height === other.height);
    }
    /**
     * The surface of the Size : width * height (float).
     */
    public get surface(): number {
        return this.width * this.height;
    }
    /**
     * Create a new size of zero
     * @returns a new Size set to (0.0, 0.0)
     */
    public static Zero(): Size {
        return new Size(0.0, 0.0);
    }
    /**
     * Sums the width and height of two sizes
     * @param otherSize size to add to this size
     * @returns a new Size set as the addition result of the current Size and the given one.
     */
    public add(otherSize: Size): Size {
        let r = new Size(this.width + otherSize.width, this.height + otherSize.height);
        return r;
    }
    /**
     * Subtracts the width and height of two
     * @param otherSize size to subtract to this size
     * @returns a new Size set as the subtraction result of  the given one from the current Size.
     */
    public subtract(otherSize: Size): Size {
        let r = new Size(this.width - otherSize.width, this.height - otherSize.height);
        return r;
    }
    /**
     * Creates a new Size set at the linear interpolation "amount" between "start" and "end"
     * @param start starting size to lerp between
     * @param end end size to lerp between
     * @param amount amount to lerp between the start and end values
     * @returns a new Size set at the linear interpolation "amount" between "start" and "end"
     */
    public static Lerp(start: Size, end: Size, amount: number): Size {
        var w = start.width + ((end.width - start.width) * amount);
        var h = start.height + ((end.height - start.height) * amount);

        return new Size(w, h);
    }

}

/**
 * Class used to store quaternion data
 * @see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternion
 * @see http://doc.babylonjs.com/features/position,_rotation,_scaling
 */
export class Quaternion {

    /**
     * Creates a new Quaternion from the given floats
     * @param x defines the first component (0 by default)
     * @param y defines the second component (0 by default)
     * @param z defines the third component (0 by default)
     * @param w defines the fourth component (1.0 by default)
     */
    constructor(
        /** defines the first component (0 by default) */
        public x: number = 0.0,
        /** defines the second component (0 by default) */
        public y: number = 0.0,
        /** defines the third component (0 by default) */
        public z: number = 0.0,
        /** defines the fourth component (1.0 by default) */
        public w: number = 1.0) {
    }

    /**
     * Gets a string representation for the current quaternion
     * @returns a string with the Quaternion coordinates
     */
    public toString(): string {
        return "{X: " + this.x + " Y:" + this.y + " Z:" + this.z + " W:" + this.w + "}";
    }

    /**
     * Gets the class name of the quaternion
     * @returns the string "Quaternion"
     */
    public getClassName(): string {
        return "Quaternion";
    }

    /**
     * Gets a hash code for this quaternion
     * @returns the quaternion hash code
     */
    public getHashCode(): number {
        let hash = this.x | 0;
        hash = (hash * 397) ^ (this.y | 0);
        hash = (hash * 397) ^ (this.z | 0);
        hash = (hash * 397) ^ (this.w | 0);
        return hash;
    }

    /**
     * Copy the quaternion to an array
     * @returns a new array populated with 4 elements from the quaternion coordinates
     */
    public asArray(): number[] {
        return [this.x, this.y, this.z, this.w];
    }
    /**
     * Check if two quaternions are equals
     * @param otherQuaternion defines the second operand
     * @return true if the current quaternion and the given one coordinates are strictly equals
     */
    public equals(otherQuaternion: DeepImmutable<Quaternion>): boolean {
        return otherQuaternion && this.x === otherQuaternion.x && this.y === otherQuaternion.y && this.z === otherQuaternion.z && this.w === otherQuaternion.w;
    }

    /**
     * Clone the current quaternion
     * @returns a new quaternion copied from the current one
     */
    public clone(): Quaternion {
        return new Quaternion(this.x, this.y, this.z, this.w);
    }

    /**
     * Copy a quaternion to the current one
     * @param other defines the other quaternion
     * @returns the updated current quaternion
     */
    public copyFrom(other: DeepImmutable<Quaternion>): Quaternion {
        this.x = other.x;
        this.y = other.y;
        this.z = other.z;
        this.w = other.w;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Updates the current quaternion with the given float coordinates
     * @param x defines the x coordinate
     * @param y defines the y coordinate
     * @param z defines the z coordinate
     * @param w defines the w coordinate
     * @returns the updated current quaternion
     */
    public copyFromFloats(x: number, y: number, z: number, w: number): Quaternion {
        this.x = x;
        this.y = y;
        this.z = z;
        this.w = w;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Updates the current quaternion from the given float coordinates
     * @param x defines the x coordinate
     * @param y defines the y coordinate
     * @param z defines the z coordinate
     * @param w defines the w coordinate
     * @returns the updated current quaternion
     */
    public set(x: number, y: number, z: number, w: number): Quaternion {
        return this.copyFromFloats(x, y, z, w);
    }

    /**
     * Adds two quaternions
     * @param other defines the second operand
     * @returns a new quaternion as the addition result of the given one and the current quaternion
     */
    public add(other: DeepImmutable<Quaternion>): Quaternion {
        return new Quaternion(this.x + other.x, this.y + other.y, this.z + other.z, this.w + other.w);
    }

    /**
     * Add a quaternion to the current one
     * @param other defines the quaternion to add
     * @returns the current quaternion
     */
    public addInPlace(other: DeepImmutable<Quaternion>): Quaternion {
        this.x += other.x;
        this.y += other.y;
        this.z += other.z;
        this.w += other.w;
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Subtract two quaternions
     * @param other defines the second operand
     * @returns a new quaternion as the subtraction result of the given one from the current one
     */
    public subtract(other: Quaternion): Quaternion {
        return new Quaternion(this.x - other.x, this.y - other.y, this.z - other.z, this.w - other.w);
    }

    /**
     * Multiplies the current quaternion by a scale factor
     * @param value defines the scale factor
     * @returns a new quaternion set by multiplying the current quaternion coordinates by the float "scale"
     */
    public scale(value: number): Quaternion {
        return new Quaternion(this.x * value, this.y * value, this.z * value, this.w * value);
    }

    /**
     * Scale the current quaternion values by a factor and stores the result to a given quaternion
     * @param scale defines the scale factor
     * @param result defines the Quaternion object where to store the result
     * @returns the unmodified current quaternion
     */
    public scaleToRef(scale: number, result: Quaternion): Quaternion {
        result.x = this.x * scale;
        result.y = this.y * scale;
        result.z = this.z * scale;
        result.w = this.w * scale;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Multiplies in place the current quaternion by a scale factor
     * @param value defines the scale factor
     * @returns the current modified quaternion
     */
    public scaleInPlace(value: number): Quaternion {
        this.x *= value;
        this.y *= value;
        this.z *= value;
        this.w *= value;

        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Scale the current quaternion values by a factor and add the result to a given quaternion
     * @param scale defines the scale factor
     * @param result defines the Quaternion object where to store the result
     * @returns the unmodified current quaternion
     */
    public scaleAndAddToRef(scale: number, result: Quaternion): Quaternion {
        result.x += this.x * scale;
        result.y += this.y * scale;
        result.z += this.z * scale;
        result.w += this.w * scale;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Multiplies two quaternions
     * @param q1 defines the second operand
     * @returns a new quaternion set as the multiplication result of the current one with the given one "q1"
     */
    public multiply(q1: DeepImmutable<Quaternion>): Quaternion {
        var result = new Quaternion(0, 0, 0, 1.0);
        this.multiplyToRef(q1, result);
        return result;
    }
    /**
     * Sets the given "result" as the the multiplication result of the current one with the given one "q1"
     * @param q1 defines the second operand
     * @param result defines the target quaternion
     * @returns the current quaternion
     */
    public multiplyToRef(q1: DeepImmutable<Quaternion>, result: Quaternion): Quaternion {
        var x = this.x * q1.w + this.y * q1.z - this.z * q1.y + this.w * q1.x;
        var y = -this.x * q1.z + this.y * q1.w + this.z * q1.x + this.w * q1.y;
        var z = this.x * q1.y - this.y * q1.x + this.z * q1.w + this.w * q1.z;
        var w = -this.x * q1.x - this.y * q1.y - this.z * q1.z + this.w * q1.w;
        result.copyFromFloats(x, y, z, w);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Updates the current quaternion with the multiplication of itself with the given one "q1"
     * @param q1 defines the second operand
     * @returns the currentupdated quaternion
     */
    public multiplyInPlace(q1: DeepImmutable<Quaternion>): Quaternion {
        this.multiplyToRef(q1, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Conjugates (1-q) the current quaternion and stores the result in the given quaternion
     * @param ref defines the target quaternion
     * @returns the current quaternion
     */
    public conjugateToRef(ref: Quaternion): Quaternion {
        ref.copyFromFloats(-this.x, -this.y, -this.z, this.w);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Conjugates in place (1-q) the current quaternion
     * @returns the current updated quaternion
     */
    public conjugateInPlace(): Quaternion {
        this.x *= -1;
        this.y *= -1;
        this.z *= -1;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Conjugates in place (1-q) the current quaternion
     * @returns a new quaternion
     */
    public conjugate(): Quaternion {
        var result = new Quaternion(-this.x, -this.y, -this.z, this.w);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Gets length of current quaternion
     * @returns the quaternion length (float)
     */
    public length(): number {
        return Math.sqrt((this.x * this.x) + (this.y * this.y) + (this.z * this.z) + (this.w * this.w));
    }

    /**
     * Normalize in place the current quaternion
     * @returns the current updated quaternion
     */
    public normalize(): Quaternion {
        var len = this.length();

        if (len === 0) {
            return this;
        }

        var inv = 1.0 / len;
        this.x *= inv;
        this.y *= inv;
        this.z *= inv;
        this.w *= inv;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Vector3 set with the Euler angles translated from the current quaternion
     * @param order is a reserved parameter and is ignore for now
     * @returns a new Vector3 containing the Euler angles
     */
    public toEulerAngles(order = "YZX"): Vector3 {
        var result = Vector3.Zero();
        this.toEulerAnglesToRef(result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the given vector3 "result" with the Euler angles translated from the current quaternion
     * @param result defines the vector which will be filled with the Euler angles
     * @param order is a reserved parameter and is ignore for now
     * @returns the current unchanged quaternion
     */
    public toEulerAnglesToRef(result: Vector3): Quaternion {

        var qz = this.z;
        var qx = this.x;
        var qy = this.y;
        var qw = this.w;

        var sqw = qw * qw;
        var sqz = qz * qz;
        var sqx = qx * qx;
        var sqy = qy * qy;

        var zAxisY = qy * qz - qx * qw;
        var limit = .4999999;

        if (zAxisY < -limit) {
            result.y = 2 * Math.atan2(qy, qw);
            result.x = Math.PI / 2;
            result.z = 0;
        } else if (zAxisY > limit) {
            result.y = 2 * Math.atan2(qy, qw);
            result.x = -Math.PI / 2;
            result.z = 0;
        } else {
            result.z = Math.atan2(2.0 * (qx * qy + qz * qw), (-sqz - sqx + sqy + sqw));
            result.x = Math.asin(-2.0 * (qz * qy - qx * qw));
            result.y = Math.atan2(2.0 * (qz * qx + qy * qw), (sqz - sqx - sqy + sqw));
        }

        return this;

    }

    /**
     * Updates the given rotation matrix with the current quaternion values
     * @param result defines the target matrix
     * @returns the current unchanged quaternion
     */
    public toRotationMatrix(result: Matrix): Quaternion {
        Matrix.FromQuaternionToRef(this, result);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Updates the current quaternion from the given rotation matrix values
     * @param matrix defines the source matrix
     * @returns the current updated quaternion
     */
    public fromRotationMatrix(matrix: DeepImmutable<Matrix>): Quaternion {
        Quaternion.FromRotationMatrixToRef(matrix, this);
        return this;
    }

    // Statics

    /**
     * Creates a new quaternion from a rotation matrix
     * @param matrix defines the source matrix
     * @returns a new quaternion created from the given rotation matrix values
     */
    public static FromRotationMatrix(matrix: DeepImmutable<Matrix>): Quaternion {
        var result = new Quaternion();
        Quaternion.FromRotationMatrixToRef(matrix, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Updates the given quaternion with the given rotation matrix values
     * @param matrix defines the source matrix
     * @param result defines the target quaternion
     */
    public static FromRotationMatrixToRef(matrix: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, result: Quaternion): void {
        var data = matrix.m;
        var m11 = data[0], m12 = data[4], m13 = data[8];
        var m21 = data[1], m22 = data[5], m23 = data[9];
        var m31 = data[2], m32 = data[6], m33 = data[10];
        var trace = m11 + m22 + m33;
        var s;

        if (trace > 0) {

            s = 0.5 / Math.sqrt(trace + 1.0);

            result.w = 0.25 / s;
            result.x = (m32 - m23) * s;
            result.y = (m13 - m31) * s;
            result.z = (m21 - m12) * s;
        } else if (m11 > m22 && m11 > m33) {

            s = 2.0 * Math.sqrt(1.0 + m11 - m22 - m33);

            result.w = (m32 - m23) / s;
            result.x = 0.25 * s;
            result.y = (m12 + m21) / s;
            result.z = (m13 + m31) / s;
        } else if (m22 > m33) {

            s = 2.0 * Math.sqrt(1.0 + m22 - m11 - m33);

            result.w = (m13 - m31) / s;
            result.x = (m12 + m21) / s;
            result.y = 0.25 * s;
            result.z = (m23 + m32) / s;
        } else {

            s = 2.0 * Math.sqrt(1.0 + m33 - m11 - m22);

            result.w = (m21 - m12) / s;
            result.x = (m13 + m31) / s;
            result.y = (m23 + m32) / s;
            result.z = 0.25 * s;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the dot product (float) between the quaternions "left" and "right"
     * @param left defines the left operand
     * @param right defines the right operand
     * @returns the dot product
     */
    public static Dot(left: DeepImmutable<Quaternion>, right: DeepImmutable<Quaternion>): number {
        return (left.x * right.x + left.y * right.y + left.z * right.z + left.w * right.w);
    }

    /**
     * Checks if the two quaternions are close to each other
     * @param quat0 defines the first quaternion to check
     * @param quat1 defines the second quaternion to check
     * @returns true if the two quaternions are close to each other
     */
    public static AreClose(quat0: DeepImmutable<Quaternion>, quat1: DeepImmutable<Quaternion>): boolean {
        let dot = Quaternion.Dot(quat0, quat1);

        return dot >= 0;
    }

    /**
     * Creates an empty quaternion
     * @returns a new quaternion set to (0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
     */
    public static Zero(): Quaternion {
        return new Quaternion(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
    }

    /**
     * Inverse a given quaternion
     * @param q defines the source quaternion
     * @returns a new quaternion as the inverted current quaternion
     */
    public static Inverse(q: DeepImmutable<Quaternion>): Quaternion {
        return new Quaternion(-q.x, -q.y, -q.z, q.w);
    }

    /**
     * Inverse a given quaternion
     * @param q defines the source quaternion
     * @param result the quaternion the result will be stored in
     * @returns the result quaternion
     */
    public static InverseToRef(q: Quaternion, result: Quaternion): Quaternion {
        result.set(-q.x, -q.y, -q.z, q.w);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates an identity quaternion
     * @returns the identity quaternion
     */
    public static Identity(): Quaternion {
        return new Quaternion(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
    }

    /**
     * Gets a boolean indicating if the given quaternion is identity
     * @param quaternion defines the quaternion to check
     * @returns true if the quaternion is identity
     */
    public static IsIdentity(quaternion: DeepImmutable<Quaternion>): boolean {
        return quaternion && quaternion.x === 0 && quaternion.y === 0 && quaternion.z === 0 && quaternion.w === 1;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a quaternion from a rotation around an axis
     * @param axis defines the axis to use
     * @param angle defines the angle to use
     * @returns a new quaternion created from the given axis (Vector3) and angle in radians (float)
     */
    public static RotationAxis(axis: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, angle: number): Quaternion {
        return Quaternion.RotationAxisToRef(axis, angle, new Quaternion());
    }

    /**
     * Creates a rotation around an axis and stores it into the given quaternion
     * @param axis defines the axis to use
     * @param angle defines the angle to use
     * @param result defines the target quaternion
     * @returns the target quaternion
     */
    public static RotationAxisToRef(axis: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, angle: number, result: Quaternion): Quaternion {
        var sin = Math.sin(angle / 2);
        axis.normalize();
        result.w = Math.cos(angle / 2);
        result.x = axis.x * sin;
        result.y = axis.y * sin;
        result.z = axis.z * sin;
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new quaternion from data stored into an array
     * @param array defines the data source
     * @param offset defines the offset in the source array where the data starts
     * @returns a new quaternion
     */
    public static FromArray(array: DeepImmutable<ArrayLike<number>>, offset?: number): Quaternion {
        if (!offset) {
            offset = 0;
        }
        return new Quaternion(array[offset], array[offset + 1], array[offset + 2], array[offset + 3]);
    }

    /**
     * Create a quaternion from Euler rotation angles
     * @param x Pitch
     * @param y Yaw
     * @param z Roll
     * @returns the new Quaternion
     */
    public static FromEulerAngles(x: number, y: number, z: number): Quaternion {
        var q = new Quaternion();
        Quaternion.RotationYawPitchRollToRef(y, x, z, q);
        return q;
    }

    /**
     * Updates a quaternion from Euler rotation angles
     * @param x Pitch
     * @param y Yaw
     * @param z Roll
     * @param result the quaternion to store the result
     * @returns the updated quaternion
     */
    public static FromEulerAnglesToRef(x: number, y: number, z: number, result: Quaternion): Quaternion {
        Quaternion.RotationYawPitchRollToRef(y, x, z, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Create a quaternion from Euler rotation vector
     * @param vec the Euler vector (x Pitch, y Yaw, z Roll)
     * @returns the new Quaternion
     */
    public static FromEulerVector(vec: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): Quaternion {
        var q = new Quaternion();
        Quaternion.RotationYawPitchRollToRef(vec.y, vec.x, vec.z, q);
        return q;
    }

    /**
     * Updates a quaternion from Euler rotation vector
     * @param vec the Euler vector (x Pitch, y Yaw, z Roll)
     * @param result the quaternion to store the result
     * @returns the updated quaternion
     */
    public static FromEulerVectorToRef(vec: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, result: Quaternion): Quaternion {
        Quaternion.RotationYawPitchRollToRef(vec.y, vec.x, vec.z, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new quaternion from the given Euler float angles (y, x, z)
     * @param yaw defines the rotation around Y axis
     * @param pitch defines the rotation around X axis
     * @param roll defines the rotation around Z axis
     * @returns the new quaternion
     */
    public static RotationYawPitchRoll(yaw: number, pitch: number, roll: number): Quaternion {
        var q = new Quaternion();
        Quaternion.RotationYawPitchRollToRef(yaw, pitch, roll, q);
        return q;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new rotation from the given Euler float angles (y, x, z) and stores it in the target quaternion
     * @param yaw defines the rotation around Y axis
     * @param pitch defines the rotation around X axis
     * @param roll defines the rotation around Z axis
     * @param result defines the target quaternion
     */
    public static RotationYawPitchRollToRef(yaw: number, pitch: number, roll: number, result: Quaternion): void {
        // Produces a quaternion from Euler angles in the z-y-x orientation (Tait-Bryan angles)
        var halfRoll = roll * 0.5;
        var halfPitch = pitch * 0.5;
        var halfYaw = yaw * 0.5;

        var sinRoll = Math.sin(halfRoll);
        var cosRoll = Math.cos(halfRoll);
        var sinPitch = Math.sin(halfPitch);
        var cosPitch = Math.cos(halfPitch);
        var sinYaw = Math.sin(halfYaw);
        var cosYaw = Math.cos(halfYaw);

        result.x = (cosYaw * sinPitch * cosRoll) + (sinYaw * cosPitch * sinRoll);
        result.y = (sinYaw * cosPitch * cosRoll) - (cosYaw * sinPitch * sinRoll);
        result.z = (cosYaw * cosPitch * sinRoll) - (sinYaw * sinPitch * cosRoll);
        result.w = (cosYaw * cosPitch * cosRoll) + (sinYaw * sinPitch * sinRoll);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new quaternion from the given Euler float angles expressed in z-x-z orientation
     * @param alpha defines the rotation around first axis
     * @param beta defines the rotation around second axis
     * @param gamma defines the rotation around third axis
     * @returns the new quaternion
     */
    public static RotationAlphaBetaGamma(alpha: number, beta: number, gamma: number): Quaternion {
        var result = new Quaternion();
        Quaternion.RotationAlphaBetaGammaToRef(alpha, beta, gamma, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new quaternion from the given Euler float angles expressed in z-x-z orientation and stores it in the target quaternion
     * @param alpha defines the rotation around first axis
     * @param beta defines the rotation around second axis
     * @param gamma defines the rotation around third axis
     * @param result defines the target quaternion
     */
    public static RotationAlphaBetaGammaToRef(alpha: number, beta: number, gamma: number, result: Quaternion): void {
        // Produces a quaternion from Euler angles in the z-x-z orientation
        var halfGammaPlusAlpha = (gamma + alpha) * 0.5;
        var halfGammaMinusAlpha = (gamma - alpha) * 0.5;
        var halfBeta = beta * 0.5;

        result.x = Math.cos(halfGammaMinusAlpha) * Math.sin(halfBeta);
        result.y = Math.sin(halfGammaMinusAlpha) * Math.sin(halfBeta);
        result.z = Math.sin(halfGammaPlusAlpha) * Math.cos(halfBeta);
        result.w = Math.cos(halfGammaPlusAlpha) * Math.cos(halfBeta);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new quaternion containing the rotation value to reach the target (axis1, axis2, axis3) orientation as a rotated XYZ system (axis1, axis2 and axis3 are normalized during this operation)
     * @param axis1 defines the first axis
     * @param axis2 defines the second axis
     * @param axis3 defines the third axis
     * @returns the new quaternion
     */
    public static RotationQuaternionFromAxis(axis1: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, axis2: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, axis3: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): Quaternion {
        var quat = new Quaternion(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
        Quaternion.RotationQuaternionFromAxisToRef(axis1, axis2, axis3, quat);
        return quat;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a rotation value to reach the target (axis1, axis2, axis3) orientation as a rotated XYZ system (axis1, axis2 and axis3 are normalized during this operation) and stores it in the target quaternion
     * @param axis1 defines the first axis
     * @param axis2 defines the second axis
     * @param axis3 defines the third axis
     * @param ref defines the target quaternion
     */
    public static RotationQuaternionFromAxisToRef(axis1: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, axis2: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, axis3: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, ref: Quaternion): void {
        var rotMat = MathTmp.Matrix[0];
        Matrix.FromXYZAxesToRef(axis1.normalize(), axis2.normalize(), axis3.normalize(), rotMat);
        Quaternion.FromRotationMatrixToRef(rotMat, ref);
    }

    /**
     * Interpolates between two quaternions
     * @param left defines first quaternion
     * @param right defines second quaternion
     * @param amount defines the gradient to use
     * @returns the new interpolated quaternion
     */
    public static Slerp(left: DeepImmutable<Quaternion>, right: DeepImmutable<Quaternion>, amount: number): Quaternion {
        var result = Quaternion.Identity();

        Quaternion.SlerpToRef(left, right, amount, result);

        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Interpolates between two quaternions and stores it into a target quaternion
     * @param left defines first quaternion
     * @param right defines second quaternion
     * @param amount defines the gradient to use
     * @param result defines the target quaternion
     */
    public static SlerpToRef(left: DeepImmutable<Quaternion>, right: DeepImmutable<Quaternion>, amount: number, result: Quaternion): void {
        var num2;
        var num3;
        var num4 = (((left.x * right.x) + (left.y * right.y)) + (left.z * right.z)) + (left.w * right.w);
        var flag = false;

        if (num4 < 0) {
            flag = true;
            num4 = -num4;
        }

        if (num4 > 0.999999) {
            num3 = 1 - amount;
            num2 = flag ? -amount : amount;
        }
        else {
            var num5 = Math.acos(num4);
            var num6 = (1.0 / Math.sin(num5));
            num3 = (Math.sin((1.0 - amount) * num5)) * num6;
            num2 = flag ? ((-Math.sin(amount * num5)) * num6) : ((Math.sin(amount * num5)) * num6);
        }

        result.x = (num3 * left.x) + (num2 * right.x);
        result.y = (num3 * left.y) + (num2 * right.y);
        result.z = (num3 * left.z) + (num2 * right.z);
        result.w = (num3 * left.w) + (num2 * right.w);
    }

    /**
     * Interpolate between two quaternions using Hermite interpolation
     * @param value1 defines first quaternion
     * @param tangent1 defines the incoming tangent
     * @param value2 defines second quaternion
     * @param tangent2 defines the outgoing tangent
     * @param amount defines the target quaternion
     * @returns the new interpolated quaternion
     */
    public static Hermite(value1: DeepImmutable<Quaternion>, tangent1: DeepImmutable<Quaternion>, value2: DeepImmutable<Quaternion>, tangent2: DeepImmutable<Quaternion>, amount: number): Quaternion {
        var squared = amount * amount;
        var cubed = amount * squared;
        var part1 = ((2.0 * cubed) - (3.0 * squared)) + 1.0;
        var part2 = (-2.0 * cubed) + (3.0 * squared);
        var part3 = (cubed - (2.0 * squared)) + amount;
        var part4 = cubed - squared;

        var x = (((value1.x * part1) + (value2.x * part2)) + (tangent1.x * part3)) + (tangent2.x * part4);
        var y = (((value1.y * part1) + (value2.y * part2)) + (tangent1.y * part3)) + (tangent2.y * part4);
        var z = (((value1.z * part1) + (value2.z * part2)) + (tangent1.z * part3)) + (tangent2.z * part4);
        var w = (((value1.w * part1) + (value2.w * part2)) + (tangent1.w * part3)) + (tangent2.w * part4);
        return new Quaternion(x, y, z, w);
    }
}

/**
 * Class used to store matrix data (4x4)
 */
export class Matrix {
    private static _updateFlagSeed = 0;
    private static _identityReadOnly = Matrix.Identity() as DeepImmutable<Matrix>;

    private _isIdentity = false;
    private _isIdentityDirty = true;
    private _isIdentity3x2 = true;
    private _isIdentity3x2Dirty = true;
    /**
     * Gets the update flag of the matrix which is an unique number for the matrix.
     * It will be incremented every time the matrix data change.
     * You can use it to speed the comparison between two versions of the same matrix.
     */
    public updateFlag: number = -1;

    private readonly _m: Float32Array = new Float32Array(16);

    /**
     * Gets the internal data of the matrix
     */
    public get m(): DeepImmutable<Float32Array> { return this._m; }

    /** @hidden */
    public _markAsUpdated() {
        this.updateFlag = Matrix._updateFlagSeed++;
        this._isIdentity = false;
        this._isIdentity3x2 = false;
        this._isIdentityDirty = true;
        this._isIdentity3x2Dirty = true;
    }

    /** @hidden */
    private _updateIdentityStatus(isIdentity: boolean, isIdentityDirty: boolean = false, isIdentity3x2: boolean = false, isIdentity3x2Dirty: boolean = true) {
        this.updateFlag = Matrix._updateFlagSeed++;
        this._isIdentity = isIdentity;
        this._isIdentity3x2 = isIdentity || isIdentity3x2;
        this._isIdentityDirty = this._isIdentity ? false : isIdentityDirty;
        this._isIdentity3x2Dirty = this._isIdentity3x2 ? false : isIdentity3x2Dirty;
    }

    /**
     * Creates an empty matrix (filled with zeros)
     */
    public constructor() {
        this._updateIdentityStatus(false);
    }

    // Properties

    /**
     * Check if the current matrix is identity
     * @returns true is the matrix is the identity matrix
     */
    public isIdentity(): boolean {
        if (this._isIdentityDirty) {
            this._isIdentityDirty = false;
            const m = this._m;
            this._isIdentity = (
                m[0] === 1.0 && m[1] === 0.0 && m[2] === 0.0 && m[3] === 0.0 &&
                m[4] === 0.0 && m[5] === 1.0 && m[6] === 0.0 && m[7] === 0.0 &&
                m[8] === 0.0 && m[9] === 0.0 && m[10] === 1.0 && m[11] === 0.0 &&
                m[12] === 0.0 && m[13] === 0.0 && m[14] === 0.0 && m[15] === 1.0
            );
        }

        return this._isIdentity;
    }

    /**
     * Check if the current matrix is identity as a texture matrix (3x2 store in 4x4)
     * @returns true is the matrix is the identity matrix
     */
    public isIdentityAs3x2(): boolean {
        if (this._isIdentity3x2Dirty) {
            this._isIdentity3x2Dirty = false;
            if (this._m[0] !== 1.0 || this._m[5] !== 1.0 || this._m[15] !== 1.0) {
                this._isIdentity3x2 = false;
            } else if (this._m[1] !== 0.0 || this._m[2] !== 0.0 || this._m[3] !== 0.0 ||
                this._m[4] !== 0.0 || this._m[6] !== 0.0 || this._m[7] !== 0.0 ||
                this._m[8] !== 0.0 || this._m[9] !== 0.0 || this._m[10] !== 0.0 || this._m[11] !== 0.0 ||
                this._m[12] !== 0.0 || this._m[13] !== 0.0 || this._m[14] !== 0.0) {
                this._isIdentity3x2 = false;
            } else {
                this._isIdentity3x2 = true;
            }
        }

        return this._isIdentity3x2;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the determinant of the matrix
     * @returns the matrix determinant
     */
    public determinant(): number {
        if (this._isIdentity === true) {
            return 1;
        }

        const m = this._m;
        const m00 = m[0], m01 = m[1], m02 = m[2], m03 = m[3];
        const m10 = m[4], m11 = m[5], m12 = m[6], m13 = m[7];
        const m20 = m[8], m21 = m[9], m22 = m[10], m23 = m[11];
        const m30 = m[12], m31 = m[13], m32 = m[14], m33 = m[15];
        // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace_expansion
        // to compute the deterrminant of a 4x4 Matrix we compute the cofactors of any row or column,
        // then we multiply each Cofactor by its corresponding matrix value and sum them all to get the determinant
        // Cofactor(i, j) = sign(i,j) * det(Minor(i, j))
        // where
        //  - sign(i,j) = (i+j) % 2 === 0 ? 1 : -1
        //  - Minor(i, j) is the 3x3 matrix we get by removing row i and column j from current Matrix
        //
        // Here we do that for the 1st row.

        const det_22_33 = m22 * m33 - m32 * m23;
        const det_21_33 = m21 * m33 - m31 * m23;
        const det_21_32 = m21 * m32 - m31 * m22;
        const det_20_33 = m20 * m33 - m30 * m23;
        const det_20_32 = m20 * m32 - m22 * m30;
        const det_20_31 = m20 * m31 - m30 * m21;
        const cofact_00 = +(m11 * det_22_33 - m12 * det_21_33 + m13 * det_21_32);
        const cofact_01 = -(m10 * det_22_33 - m12 * det_20_33 + m13 * det_20_32);
        const cofact_02 = +(m10 * det_21_33 - m11 * det_20_33 + m13 * det_20_31);
        const cofact_03 = -(m10 * det_21_32 - m11 * det_20_32 + m12 * det_20_31);
        return m00 * cofact_00 + m01 * cofact_01 + m02 * cofact_02 + m03 * cofact_03;
    }

    // Methods

    /**
     * Returns the matrix as a Float32Array
     * @returns the matrix underlying array
     */
    public toArray(): DeepImmutable<Float32Array> {
        return this._m;
    }
    /**
     * Returns the matrix as a Float32Array
    * @returns the matrix underlying array.
    */
    public asArray(): DeepImmutable<Float32Array> {
        return this._m;
    }

    /**
     * Inverts the current matrix in place
     * @returns the current inverted matrix
     */
    public invert(): Matrix {
        this.invertToRef(this);
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Sets all the matrix elements to zero
     * @returns the current matrix
     */
    public reset(): Matrix {
        Matrix.FromValuesToRef(
            0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
            0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
            0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
            0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
            this
        );
        this._updateIdentityStatus(false);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Adds the current matrix with a second one
     * @param other defines the matrix to add
     * @returns a new matrix as the addition of the current matrix and the given one
     */
    public add(other: DeepImmutable<Matrix>): Matrix {
        var result = new Matrix();
        this.addToRef(other, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the given matrix "result" to the addition of the current matrix and the given one
     * @param other defines the matrix to add
     * @param result defines the target matrix
     * @returns the current matrix
     */
    public addToRef(other: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, result: Matrix): Matrix {
        const m = this._m;
        const resultM = result._m;
        const otherM = other.m;
        for (var index = 0; index < 16; index++) {
            resultM[index] = m[index] + otherM[index];
        }
        result._markAsUpdated();
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Adds in place the given matrix to the current matrix
     * @param other defines the second operand
     * @returns the current updated matrix
     */
    public addToSelf(other: DeepImmutable<Matrix>): Matrix {
        const m = this._m;
        const otherM = other.m;
        for (var index = 0; index < 16; index++) {
            m[index] += otherM[index];
        }
        this._markAsUpdated();
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the given matrix to the current inverted Matrix
     * @param other defines the target matrix
     * @returns the unmodified current matrix
     */
    public invertToRef(other: Matrix): Matrix {
        if (this._isIdentity === true) {
            Matrix.IdentityToRef(other);
            return this;
        }

        // the inverse of a Matrix is the transpose of cofactor matrix divided by the determinant
        const m = this._m;
        const m00 = m[0], m01 = m[1], m02 = m[2], m03 = m[3];
        const m10 = m[4], m11 = m[5], m12 = m[6], m13 = m[7];
        const m20 = m[8], m21 = m[9], m22 = m[10], m23 = m[11];
        const m30 = m[12], m31 = m[13], m32 = m[14], m33 = m[15];

        const det_22_33 = m22 * m33 - m32 * m23;
        const det_21_33 = m21 * m33 - m31 * m23;
        const det_21_32 = m21 * m32 - m31 * m22;
        const det_20_33 = m20 * m33 - m30 * m23;
        const det_20_32 = m20 * m32 - m22 * m30;
        const det_20_31 = m20 * m31 - m30 * m21;

        const cofact_00 = +(m11 * det_22_33 - m12 * det_21_33 + m13 * det_21_32);
        const cofact_01 = -(m10 * det_22_33 - m12 * det_20_33 + m13 * det_20_32);
        const cofact_02 = +(m10 * det_21_33 - m11 * det_20_33 + m13 * det_20_31);
        const cofact_03 = -(m10 * det_21_32 - m11 * det_20_32 + m12 * det_20_31);

        const det = m00 * cofact_00 + m01 * cofact_01 + m02 * cofact_02 + m03 * cofact_03;

        if (det === 0) {
            // not invertible
            other.copyFrom(this);
            return this;
        }

        const detInv = 1 / det;
        const det_12_33 = m12 * m33 - m32 * m13;
        const det_11_33 = m11 * m33 - m31 * m13;
        const det_11_32 = m11 * m32 - m31 * m12;
        const det_10_33 = m10 * m33 - m30 * m13;
        const det_10_32 = m10 * m32 - m30 * m12;
        const det_10_31 = m10 * m31 - m30 * m11;
        const det_12_23 = m12 * m23 - m22 * m13;
        const det_11_23 = m11 * m23 - m21 * m13;
        const det_11_22 = m11 * m22 - m21 * m12;
        const det_10_23 = m10 * m23 - m20 * m13;
        const det_10_22 = m10 * m22 - m20 * m12;
        const det_10_21 = m10 * m21 - m20 * m11;

        const cofact_10 = -(m01 * det_22_33 - m02 * det_21_33 + m03 * det_21_32);
        const cofact_11 = +(m00 * det_22_33 - m02 * det_20_33 + m03 * det_20_32);
        const cofact_12 = -(m00 * det_21_33 - m01 * det_20_33 + m03 * det_20_31);
        const cofact_13 = +(m00 * det_21_32 - m01 * det_20_32 + m02 * det_20_31);

        const cofact_20 = +(m01 * det_12_33 - m02 * det_11_33 + m03 * det_11_32);
        const cofact_21 = -(m00 * det_12_33 - m02 * det_10_33 + m03 * det_10_32);
        const cofact_22 = +(m00 * det_11_33 - m01 * det_10_33 + m03 * det_10_31);
        const cofact_23 = -(m00 * det_11_32 - m01 * det_10_32 + m02 * det_10_31);

        const cofact_30 = -(m01 * det_12_23 - m02 * det_11_23 + m03 * det_11_22);
        const cofact_31 = +(m00 * det_12_23 - m02 * det_10_23 + m03 * det_10_22);
        const cofact_32 = -(m00 * det_11_23 - m01 * det_10_23 + m03 * det_10_21);
        const cofact_33 = +(m00 * det_11_22 - m01 * det_10_22 + m02 * det_10_21);

        Matrix.FromValuesToRef(
            cofact_00 * detInv, cofact_10 * detInv, cofact_20 * detInv, cofact_30 * detInv,
            cofact_01 * detInv, cofact_11 * detInv, cofact_21 * detInv, cofact_31 * detInv,
            cofact_02 * detInv, cofact_12 * detInv, cofact_22 * detInv, cofact_32 * detInv,
            cofact_03 * detInv, cofact_13 * detInv, cofact_23 * detInv, cofact_33 * detInv,
            other
        );

        return this;
    }

    /**
     * add a value at the specified position in the current Matrix
     * @param index the index of the value within the matrix. between 0 and 15.
     * @param value the value to be added
     * @returns the current updated matrix
     */
    public addAtIndex(index: number, value: number): Matrix {
        this._m[index] += value;
        this._markAsUpdated();
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * mutiply the specified position in the current Matrix by a value
     * @param index the index of the value within the matrix. between 0 and 15.
     * @param value the value to be added
     * @returns the current updated matrix
     */
    public multiplyAtIndex(index: number, value: number): Matrix {
        this._m[index] *= value;
        this._markAsUpdated();
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the translation vector (using 3 floats) in the current matrix
     * @param x defines the 1st component of the translation
     * @param y defines the 2nd component of the translation
     * @param z defines the 3rd component of the translation
     * @returns the current updated matrix
     */
    public setTranslationFromFloats(x: number, y: number, z: number): Matrix {
        this._m[12] = x;
        this._m[13] = y;
        this._m[14] = z;
        this._markAsUpdated();
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Adds the translation vector (using 3 floats) in the current matrix
     * @param x defines the 1st component of the translation
     * @param y defines the 2nd component of the translation
     * @param z defines the 3rd component of the translation
     * @returns the current updated matrix
     */
    public addTranslationFromFloats(x: number, y: number, z: number): Matrix {
        this._m[12] += x;
        this._m[13] += y;
        this._m[14] += z;
        this._markAsUpdated();
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the translation vector in the current matrix
     * @param vector3 defines the translation to insert
     * @returns the current updated matrix
     */
    public setTranslation(vector3: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): Matrix {
        return this.setTranslationFromFloats(vector3.x, vector3.y, vector3.z);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the translation value of the current matrix
     * @returns a new Vector3 as the extracted translation from the matrix
     */
    public getTranslation(): Vector3 {
        return new Vector3(this._m[12], this._m[13], this._m[14]);
    }

    /**
     * Fill a Vector3 with the extracted translation from the matrix
     * @param result defines the Vector3 where to store the translation
     * @returns the current matrix
     */
    public getTranslationToRef(result: Vector3): Matrix {
        result.x = this._m[12];
        result.y = this._m[13];
        result.z = this._m[14];
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Remove rotation and scaling part from the matrix
     * @returns the updated matrix
     */
    public removeRotationAndScaling(): Matrix {
        const m = this.m;
        Matrix.FromValuesToRef(
            1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
            0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0,
            0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0,
            m[12], m[13], m[14], m[15],
            this
        );
        this._updateIdentityStatus(m[12] === 0 && m[13] === 0 && m[14] === 0 && m[15] === 1);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Multiply two matrices
     * @param other defines the second operand
     * @returns a new matrix set with the multiplication result of the current Matrix and the given one
     */
    public multiply(other: DeepImmutable<Matrix>): Matrix {
        var result = new Matrix();
        this.multiplyToRef(other, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Copy the current matrix from the given one
     * @param other defines the source matrix
     * @returns the current updated matrix
     */
    public copyFrom(other: DeepImmutable<Matrix>): Matrix {
        other.copyToArray(this._m);
        const o = (other as Matrix);
        this._updateIdentityStatus(o._isIdentity, o._isIdentityDirty, o._isIdentity3x2, o._isIdentity3x2Dirty);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Populates the given array from the starting index with the current matrix values
     * @param array defines the target array
     * @param offset defines the offset in the target array where to start storing values
     * @returns the current matrix
     */
    public copyToArray(array: Float32Array, offset: number = 0): Matrix {
        for (var index = 0; index < 16; index++) {
            array[offset + index] = this._m[index];
        }
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the given matrix "result" with the multiplication result of the current Matrix and the given one
     * @param other defines the second operand
     * @param result defines the matrix where to store the multiplication
     * @returns the current matrix
     */
    public multiplyToRef(other: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, result: Matrix): Matrix {
        if (this._isIdentity) {
            result.copyFrom(other);
            return this;
        }
        if ((other as Matrix)._isIdentity) {
            result.copyFrom(this);
            return this;
        }

        this.multiplyToArray(other, result._m, 0);
        result._markAsUpdated();
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the Float32Array "result" from the given index "offset" with the multiplication of the current matrix and the given one
     * @param other defines the second operand
     * @param result defines the array where to store the multiplication
     * @param offset defines the offset in the target array where to start storing values
     * @returns the current matrix
     */
    public multiplyToArray(other: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, result: Float32Array, offset: number): Matrix {
        const m = this._m;
        const otherM = other.m;
        var tm0 = m[0], tm1 = m[1], tm2 = m[2], tm3 = m[3];
        var tm4 = m[4], tm5 = m[5], tm6 = m[6], tm7 = m[7];
        var tm8 = m[8], tm9 = m[9], tm10 = m[10], tm11 = m[11];
        var tm12 = m[12], tm13 = m[13], tm14 = m[14], tm15 = m[15];

        var om0 = otherM[0], om1 = otherM[1], om2 = otherM[2], om3 = otherM[3];
        var om4 = otherM[4], om5 = otherM[5], om6 = otherM[6], om7 = otherM[7];
        var om8 = otherM[8], om9 = otherM[9], om10 = otherM[10], om11 = otherM[11];
        var om12 = otherM[12], om13 = otherM[13], om14 = otherM[14], om15 = otherM[15];

        result[offset] = tm0 * om0 + tm1 * om4 + tm2 * om8 + tm3 * om12;
        result[offset + 1] = tm0 * om1 + tm1 * om5 + tm2 * om9 + tm3 * om13;
        result[offset + 2] = tm0 * om2 + tm1 * om6 + tm2 * om10 + tm3 * om14;
        result[offset + 3] = tm0 * om3 + tm1 * om7 + tm2 * om11 + tm3 * om15;

        result[offset + 4] = tm4 * om0 + tm5 * om4 + tm6 * om8 + tm7 * om12;
        result[offset + 5] = tm4 * om1 + tm5 * om5 + tm6 * om9 + tm7 * om13;
        result[offset + 6] = tm4 * om2 + tm5 * om6 + tm6 * om10 + tm7 * om14;
        result[offset + 7] = tm4 * om3 + tm5 * om7 + tm6 * om11 + tm7 * om15;

        result[offset + 8] = tm8 * om0 + tm9 * om4 + tm10 * om8 + tm11 * om12;
        result[offset + 9] = tm8 * om1 + tm9 * om5 + tm10 * om9 + tm11 * om13;
        result[offset + 10] = tm8 * om2 + tm9 * om6 + tm10 * om10 + tm11 * om14;
        result[offset + 11] = tm8 * om3 + tm9 * om7 + tm10 * om11 + tm11 * om15;

        result[offset + 12] = tm12 * om0 + tm13 * om4 + tm14 * om8 + tm15 * om12;
        result[offset + 13] = tm12 * om1 + tm13 * om5 + tm14 * om9 + tm15 * om13;
        result[offset + 14] = tm12 * om2 + tm13 * om6 + tm14 * om10 + tm15 * om14;
        result[offset + 15] = tm12 * om3 + tm13 * om7 + tm14 * om11 + tm15 * om15;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Check equality between this matrix and a second one
     * @param value defines the second matrix to compare
     * @returns true is the current matrix and the given one values are strictly equal
     */
    public equals(value: DeepImmutable<Matrix>): boolean {
        const other = (value as Matrix);
        if (!other) {
            return false;
        }

        if (this._isIdentity || other._isIdentity) {
            if (!this._isIdentityDirty && !other._isIdentityDirty) {
                return this._isIdentity && other._isIdentity;
            }
        }

        const m = this.m;
        const om = other.m;
        return (
            m[0] === om[0] && m[1] === om[1] && m[2] === om[2] && m[3] === om[3] &&
            m[4] === om[4] && m[5] === om[5] && m[6] === om[6] && m[7] === om[7] &&
            m[8] === om[8] && m[9] === om[9] && m[10] === om[10] && m[11] === om[11] &&
            m[12] === om[12] && m[13] === om[13] && m[14] === om[14] && m[15] === om[15]
        );
    }

    /**
     * Clone the current matrix
     * @returns a new matrix from the current matrix
     */
    public clone(): Matrix {
        const matrix = new Matrix();
        matrix.copyFrom(this);
        return matrix;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the name of the current matrix class
     * @returns the string "Matrix"
     */
    public getClassName(): string {
        return "Matrix";
    }

    /**
     * Gets the hash code of the current matrix
     * @returns the hash code
     */
    public getHashCode(): number {
        let hash = this._m[0] | 0;
        for (let i = 1; i < 16; i++) {
            hash = (hash * 397) ^ (this._m[i] | 0);
        }
        return hash;
    }

    /**
     * Decomposes the current Matrix into a translation, rotation and scaling components
     * @param scale defines the scale vector3 given as a reference to update
     * @param rotation defines the rotation quaternion given as a reference to update
     * @param translation defines the translation vector3 given as a reference to update
     * @returns true if operation was successful
     */
    public decompose(scale?: Vector3, rotation?: Quaternion, translation?: Vector3): boolean {
        if (this._isIdentity) {
            if (translation) {
                translation.setAll(0);
            }
            if (scale) {
                scale.setAll(1);
            }
            if (rotation) {
                rotation.copyFromFloats(0, 0, 0, 1);
            }
            return true;
        }

        const m = this._m;
        if (translation) {
            translation.copyFromFloats(m[12], m[13], m[14]);
        }

        scale = scale || MathTmp.Vector3[0];
        scale.x = Math.sqrt(m[0] * m[0] + m[1] * m[1] + m[2] * m[2]);
        scale.y = Math.sqrt(m[4] * m[4] + m[5] * m[5] + m[6] * m[6]);
        scale.z = Math.sqrt(m[8] * m[8] + m[9] * m[9] + m[10] * m[10]);

        if (this.determinant() <= 0) {
            scale.y *= -1;
        }

        if (scale.x === 0 || scale.y === 0 || scale.z === 0) {
            if (rotation) {
                rotation.copyFromFloats(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
            }
            return false;
        }

        if (rotation) {
            const sx = 1 / scale.x, sy = 1 / scale.y, sz = 1 / scale.z;
            Matrix.FromValuesToRef(
                m[0] * sx, m[1] * sx, m[2] * sx, 0.0,
                m[4] * sy, m[5] * sy, m[6] * sy, 0.0,
                m[8] * sz, m[9] * sz, m[10] * sz, 0.0,
                0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0,
                MathTmp.Matrix[0]
            );

            Quaternion.FromRotationMatrixToRef(MathTmp.Matrix[0], rotation);
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Gets specific row of the matrix
     * @param index defines the number of the row to get
     * @returns the index-th row of the current matrix as a new Vector4
     */
    public getRow(index: number): Nullable<Vector4> {
        if (index < 0 || index > 3) {
            return null;
        }
        var i = index * 4;
        return new Vector4(this._m[i + 0], this._m[i + 1], this._m[i + 2], this._m[i + 3]);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the index-th row of the current matrix to the vector4 values
     * @param index defines the number of the row to set
     * @param row defines the target vector4
     * @returns the updated current matrix
     */
    public setRow(index: number, row: Vector4): Matrix {
        return this.setRowFromFloats(index, row.x, row.y, row.z, row.w);
    }

    /**
     * Compute the transpose of the matrix
     * @returns the new transposed matrix
     */
    public transpose(): Matrix {
        return Matrix.Transpose(this);
    }

    /**
     * Compute the transpose of the matrix and store it in a given matrix
     * @param result defines the target matrix
     * @returns the current matrix
     */
    public transposeToRef(result: Matrix): Matrix {
        Matrix.TransposeToRef(this, result);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the index-th row of the current matrix with the given 4 x float values
     * @param index defines the row index
     * @param x defines the x component to set
     * @param y defines the y component to set
     * @param z defines the z component to set
     * @param w defines the w component to set
     * @returns the updated current matrix
     */
    public setRowFromFloats(index: number, x: number, y: number, z: number, w: number): Matrix {
        if (index < 0 || index > 3) {
            return this;
        }
        var i = index * 4;
        this._m[i + 0] = x;
        this._m[i + 1] = y;
        this._m[i + 2] = z;
        this._m[i + 3] = w;

        this._markAsUpdated();
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Compute a new matrix set with the current matrix values multiplied by scale (float)
     * @param scale defines the scale factor
     * @returns a new matrix
     */
    public scale(scale: number): Matrix {
        var result = new Matrix();
        this.scaleToRef(scale, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Scale the current matrix values by a factor to a given result matrix
     * @param scale defines the scale factor
     * @param result defines the matrix to store the result
     * @returns the current matrix
     */
    public scaleToRef(scale: number, result: Matrix): Matrix {
        for (var index = 0; index < 16; index++) {
            result._m[index] = this._m[index] * scale;
        }
        result._markAsUpdated();
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Scale the current matrix values by a factor and add the result to a given matrix
     * @param scale defines the scale factor
     * @param result defines the Matrix to store the result
     * @returns the current matrix
     */
    public scaleAndAddToRef(scale: number, result: Matrix): Matrix {
        for (var index = 0; index < 16; index++) {
            result._m[index] += this._m[index] * scale;
        }
        result._markAsUpdated();
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Writes to the given matrix a normal matrix, computed from this one (using values from identity matrix for fourth row and column).
     * @param ref matrix to store the result
     */
    public toNormalMatrix(ref: Matrix): void {
        const tmp = MathTmp.Matrix[0];
        this.invertToRef(tmp);
        tmp.transposeToRef(ref);
        var m = ref._m;
        Matrix.FromValuesToRef(
            m[0], m[1], m[2], 0.0,
            m[4], m[5], m[6], 0.0,
            m[8], m[9], m[10], 0.0,
            0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0,
            ref
        );
    }

    /**
     * Gets only rotation part of the current matrix
     * @returns a new matrix sets to the extracted rotation matrix from the current one
     */
    public getRotationMatrix(): Matrix {
        var result = new Matrix();
        this.getRotationMatrixToRef(result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Extracts the rotation matrix from the current one and sets it as the given "result"
     * @param result defines the target matrix to store data to
     * @returns the current matrix
     */
    public getRotationMatrixToRef(result: Matrix): Matrix {
        const scale = MathTmp.Vector3[0];
        if (!this.decompose(scale)) {
            Matrix.IdentityToRef(result);
            return this;
        }

        const m = this._m;
        const sx = 1 / scale.x, sy = 1 / scale.y, sz = 1 / scale.z;
        Matrix.FromValuesToRef(
            m[0] * sx, m[1] * sx, m[2] * sx, 0.0,
            m[4] * sy, m[5] * sy, m[6] * sy, 0.0,
            m[8] * sz, m[9] * sz, m[10] * sz, 0.0,
            0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0,
            result
        );
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Toggles model matrix from being right handed to left handed in place and vice versa
     */
    public toggleModelMatrixHandInPlace() {
        const m = this._m;
        m[2] *= -1;
        m[6] *= -1;
        m[8] *= -1;
        m[9] *= -1;
        m[14] *= -1;
        this._markAsUpdated();
    }

    /**
     * Toggles projection matrix from being right handed to left handed in place and vice versa
     */
    public toggleProjectionMatrixHandInPlace() {
        var m = this._m;
        m[8] *= -1;
        m[9] *= -1;
        m[10] *= -1;
        m[11] *= -1;
        this._markAsUpdated();
    }

    // Statics
    /**
     * Creates a matrix from an array
     * @param array defines the source array
     * @param offset defines an offset in the source array
     * @returns a new Matrix set from the starting index of the given array
     */
    public static FromArray(array: DeepImmutable<ArrayLike<number>>, offset: number = 0): Matrix {
        var result = new Matrix();
        Matrix.FromArrayToRef(array, offset, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Copy the content of an array into a given matrix
     * @param array defines the source array
     * @param offset defines an offset in the source array
     * @param result defines the target matrix
     */
    public static FromArrayToRef(array: DeepImmutable<ArrayLike<number>>, offset: number, result: Matrix) {
        for (var index = 0; index < 16; index++) {
            result._m[index] = array[index + offset];
        }
        result._markAsUpdated();
    }

    /**
     * Stores an array into a matrix after having multiplied each component by a given factor
     * @param array defines the source array
     * @param offset defines the offset in the source array
     * @param scale defines the scaling factor
     * @param result defines the target matrix
     */
    public static FromFloat32ArrayToRefScaled(array: DeepImmutable<Float32Array>, offset: number, scale: number, result: Matrix) {
        for (var index = 0; index < 16; index++) {
            result._m[index] = array[index + offset] * scale;
        }
        result._markAsUpdated();
    }

    /**
     * Gets an identity matrix that must not be updated
     */
    public static get IdentityReadOnly(): DeepImmutable<Matrix> {
        return Matrix._identityReadOnly;
    }

    /**
     * Stores a list of values (16) inside a given matrix
     * @param initialM11 defines 1st value of 1st row
     * @param initialM12 defines 2nd value of 1st row
     * @param initialM13 defines 3rd value of 1st row
     * @param initialM14 defines 4th value of 1st row
     * @param initialM21 defines 1st value of 2nd row
     * @param initialM22 defines 2nd value of 2nd row
     * @param initialM23 defines 3rd value of 2nd row
     * @param initialM24 defines 4th value of 2nd row
     * @param initialM31 defines 1st value of 3rd row
     * @param initialM32 defines 2nd value of 3rd row
     * @param initialM33 defines 3rd value of 3rd row
     * @param initialM34 defines 4th value of 3rd row
     * @param initialM41 defines 1st value of 4th row
     * @param initialM42 defines 2nd value of 4th row
     * @param initialM43 defines 3rd value of 4th row
     * @param initialM44 defines 4th value of 4th row
     * @param result defines the target matrix
     */
    public static FromValuesToRef(initialM11: number, initialM12: number, initialM13: number, initialM14: number,
        initialM21: number, initialM22: number, initialM23: number, initialM24: number,
        initialM31: number, initialM32: number, initialM33: number, initialM34: number,
        initialM41: number, initialM42: number, initialM43: number, initialM44: number, result: Matrix): void {

        const m = result._m;
        m[0] = initialM11; m[1] = initialM12; m[2] = initialM13; m[3] = initialM14;
        m[4] = initialM21; m[5] = initialM22; m[6] = initialM23; m[7] = initialM24;
        m[8] = initialM31; m[9] = initialM32; m[10] = initialM33; m[11] = initialM34;
        m[12] = initialM41; m[13] = initialM42; m[14] = initialM43; m[15] = initialM44;

        result._markAsUpdated();
    }

    /**
     * Creates new matrix from a list of values (16)
     * @param initialM11 defines 1st value of 1st row
     * @param initialM12 defines 2nd value of 1st row
     * @param initialM13 defines 3rd value of 1st row
     * @param initialM14 defines 4th value of 1st row
     * @param initialM21 defines 1st value of 2nd row
     * @param initialM22 defines 2nd value of 2nd row
     * @param initialM23 defines 3rd value of 2nd row
     * @param initialM24 defines 4th value of 2nd row
     * @param initialM31 defines 1st value of 3rd row
     * @param initialM32 defines 2nd value of 3rd row
     * @param initialM33 defines 3rd value of 3rd row
     * @param initialM34 defines 4th value of 3rd row
     * @param initialM41 defines 1st value of 4th row
     * @param initialM42 defines 2nd value of 4th row
     * @param initialM43 defines 3rd value of 4th row
     * @param initialM44 defines 4th value of 4th row
     * @returns the new matrix
     */
    public static FromValues(initialM11: number, initialM12: number, initialM13: number, initialM14: number,
        initialM21: number, initialM22: number, initialM23: number, initialM24: number,
        initialM31: number, initialM32: number, initialM33: number, initialM34: number,
        initialM41: number, initialM42: number, initialM43: number, initialM44: number): Matrix {

        var result = new Matrix();
        const m = result._m;
        m[0] = initialM11; m[1] = initialM12; m[2] = initialM13; m[3] = initialM14;
        m[4] = initialM21; m[5] = initialM22; m[6] = initialM23; m[7] = initialM24;
        m[8] = initialM31; m[9] = initialM32; m[10] = initialM33; m[11] = initialM34;
        m[12] = initialM41; m[13] = initialM42; m[14] = initialM43; m[15] = initialM44;
        result._markAsUpdated();
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new matrix composed by merging scale (vector3), rotation (quaternion) and translation (vector3)
     * @param scale defines the scale vector3
     * @param rotation defines the rotation quaternion
     * @param translation defines the translation vector3
     * @returns a new matrix
     */
    public static Compose(scale: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, rotation: DeepImmutable<Quaternion>, translation: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): Matrix {
        var result = new Matrix();
        Matrix.ComposeToRef(scale, rotation, translation, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Sets a matrix to a value composed by merging scale (vector3), rotation (quaternion) and translation (vector3)
     * @param scale defines the scale vector3
     * @param rotation defines the rotation quaternion
     * @param translation defines the translation vector3
     * @param result defines the target matrix
     */
    public static ComposeToRef(scale: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, rotation: DeepImmutable<Quaternion>, translation: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, result: Matrix): void {
        let m = result._m;
        var x = rotation.x, y = rotation.y, z = rotation.z, w = rotation.w;
        var x2 = x + x, y2 = y + y, z2 = z + z;
        var xx = x * x2, xy = x * y2, xz = x * z2;
        var yy = y * y2, yz = y * z2, zz = z * z2;
        var wx = w * x2, wy = w * y2, wz = w * z2;

        var sx = scale.x, sy = scale.y, sz = scale.z;

        m[0] = (1 - (yy + zz)) * sx;
        m[1] = (xy + wz) * sx;
        m[2] = (xz - wy) * sx;
        m[3] = 0;

        m[4] = (xy - wz) * sy;
        m[5] = (1 - (xx + zz)) * sy;
        m[6] = (yz + wx) * sy;
        m[7] = 0;

        m[8] = (xz + wy) * sz;
        m[9] = (yz - wx) * sz;
        m[10] = (1 - (xx + yy)) * sz;
        m[11] = 0;

        m[12] = translation.x;
        m[13] = translation.y;
        m[14] = translation.z;
        m[15] = 1;

        result._markAsUpdated();
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new identity matrix
     * @returns a new identity matrix
     */
    public static Identity(): Matrix {
        const identity = Matrix.FromValues(
            1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
            0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0,
            0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0,
            0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
        identity._updateIdentityStatus(true);
        return identity;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new identity matrix and stores the result in a given matrix
     * @param result defines the target matrix
     */
    public static IdentityToRef(result: Matrix): void {
        Matrix.FromValuesToRef(
            1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
            0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0,
            0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0,
            0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0,
            result
        );
        result._updateIdentityStatus(true);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new zero matrix
     * @returns a new zero matrix
     */
    public static Zero(): Matrix {
        const zero = Matrix.FromValues(
            0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
            0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
            0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
            0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
        zero._updateIdentityStatus(false);
        return zero;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new rotation matrix for "angle" radians around the X axis
     * @param angle defines the angle (in radians) to use
     * @return the new matrix
     */
    public static RotationX(angle: number): Matrix {
        var result = new Matrix();
        Matrix.RotationXToRef(angle, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new matrix as the invert of a given matrix
     * @param source defines the source matrix
     * @returns the new matrix
     */
    public static Invert(source: DeepImmutable<Matrix>): Matrix {
        var result = new Matrix();
        source.invertToRef(result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new rotation matrix for "angle" radians around the X axis and stores it in a given matrix
     * @param angle defines the angle (in radians) to use
     * @param result defines the target matrix
     */
    public static RotationXToRef(angle: number, result: Matrix): void {
        var s = Math.sin(angle);
        var c = Math.cos(angle);
        Matrix.FromValuesToRef(
            1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
            0.0, c, s, 0.0,
            0.0, -s, c, 0.0,
            0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0,
            result
        );

        result._updateIdentityStatus(c === 1 && s === 0);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new rotation matrix for "angle" radians around the Y axis
     * @param angle defines the angle (in radians) to use
     * @return the new matrix
     */
    public static RotationY(angle: number): Matrix {
        var result = new Matrix();
        Matrix.RotationYToRef(angle, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new rotation matrix for "angle" radians around the Y axis and stores it in a given matrix
     * @param angle defines the angle (in radians) to use
     * @param result defines the target matrix
     */
    public static RotationYToRef(angle: number, result: Matrix): void {
        var s = Math.sin(angle);
        var c = Math.cos(angle);
        Matrix.FromValuesToRef(
            c, 0.0, -s, 0.0,
            0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0,
            s, 0.0, c, 0.0,
            0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0,
            result
        );

        result._updateIdentityStatus(c === 1 && s === 0);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new rotation matrix for "angle" radians around the Z axis
     * @param angle defines the angle (in radians) to use
     * @return the new matrix
     */
    public static RotationZ(angle: number): Matrix {
        var result = new Matrix();
        Matrix.RotationZToRef(angle, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new rotation matrix for "angle" radians around the Z axis and stores it in a given matrix
     * @param angle defines the angle (in radians) to use
     * @param result defines the target matrix
     */
    public static RotationZToRef(angle: number, result: Matrix): void {
        var s = Math.sin(angle);
        var c = Math.cos(angle);
        Matrix.FromValuesToRef(
            c, s, 0.0, 0.0,
            -s, c, 0.0, 0.0,
            0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0,
            0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0,
            result
        );

        result._updateIdentityStatus(c === 1 && s === 0);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new rotation matrix for "angle" radians around the given axis
     * @param axis defines the axis to use
     * @param angle defines the angle (in radians) to use
     * @return the new matrix
     */
    public static RotationAxis(axis: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, angle: number): Matrix {
        var result = new Matrix();
        Matrix.RotationAxisToRef(axis, angle, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new rotation matrix for "angle" radians around the given axis and stores it in a given matrix
     * @param axis defines the axis to use
     * @param angle defines the angle (in radians) to use
     * @param result defines the target matrix
     */
    public static RotationAxisToRef(axis: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, angle: number, result: Matrix): void {
        var s = Math.sin(-angle);
        var c = Math.cos(-angle);
        var c1 = 1 - c;

        axis.normalize();
        const m = result._m;
        m[0] = (axis.x * axis.x) * c1 + c;
        m[1] = (axis.x * axis.y) * c1 - (axis.z * s);
        m[2] = (axis.x * axis.z) * c1 + (axis.y * s);
        m[3] = 0.0;

        m[4] = (axis.y * axis.x) * c1 + (axis.z * s);
        m[5] = (axis.y * axis.y) * c1 + c;
        m[6] = (axis.y * axis.z) * c1 - (axis.x * s);
        m[7] = 0.0;

        m[8] = (axis.z * axis.x) * c1 - (axis.y * s);
        m[9] = (axis.z * axis.y) * c1 + (axis.x * s);
        m[10] = (axis.z * axis.z) * c1 + c;
        m[11] = 0.0;

        m[12] = 0.0;
        m[13] = 0.0;
        m[14] = 0.0;
        m[15] = 1.0;

        result._markAsUpdated();
    }

    /**
     * Takes normalised vectors and returns a rotation matrix to align "from" with "to".
     * Taken from http://www.iquilezles.org/www/articles/noacos/noacos.htm
     * @param from defines the vector to align
     * @param to defines the vector to align to
     * @param result defines the target matrix
     */
    public static RotationAlignToRef(from: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, to: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, result: Matrix): void {
        const v = Vector3.Cross(to, from);
        const c = Vector3.Dot(to, from);
        const k = 1 / (1 + c);

        const m = result._m;
        m[0] = v.x * v.x * k + c; m[1] = v.y * v.x * k - v.z; m[2] = v.z * v.x * k + v.y; m[3] = 0;
        m[4] = v.x * v.y * k + v.z; m[5] = v.y * v.y * k + c; m[6] = v.z * v.y * k - v.x; m[7] = 0;
        m[8] = v.x * v.z * k - v.y; m[9] = v.y * v.z * k + v.x; m[10] = v.z * v.z * k + c; m[11] = 0;
        m[12] = 0; m[13] = 0; m[14] = 0; m[15] = 1;

        result._markAsUpdated();
    }

    /**
     * Creates a rotation matrix
     * @param yaw defines the yaw angle in radians (Y axis)
     * @param pitch defines the pitch angle in radians (X axis)
     * @param roll defines the roll angle in radians (X axis)
     * @returns the new rotation matrix
     */
    public static RotationYawPitchRoll(yaw: number, pitch: number, roll: number): Matrix {
        var result = new Matrix();
        Matrix.RotationYawPitchRollToRef(yaw, pitch, roll, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a rotation matrix and stores it in a given matrix
     * @param yaw defines the yaw angle in radians (Y axis)
     * @param pitch defines the pitch angle in radians (X axis)
     * @param roll defines the roll angle in radians (X axis)
     * @param result defines the target matrix
     */
    public static RotationYawPitchRollToRef(yaw: number, pitch: number, roll: number, result: Matrix): void {
        Quaternion.RotationYawPitchRollToRef(yaw, pitch, roll, MathTmp.Quaternion[0]);
        MathTmp.Quaternion[0].toRotationMatrix(result);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a scaling matrix
     * @param x defines the scale factor on X axis
     * @param y defines the scale factor on Y axis
     * @param z defines the scale factor on Z axis
     * @returns the new matrix
     */
    public static Scaling(x: number, y: number, z: number): Matrix {
        var result = new Matrix();
        Matrix.ScalingToRef(x, y, z, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a scaling matrix and stores it in a given matrix
     * @param x defines the scale factor on X axis
     * @param y defines the scale factor on Y axis
     * @param z defines the scale factor on Z axis
     * @param result defines the target matrix
     */
    public static ScalingToRef(x: number, y: number, z: number, result: Matrix): void {
        Matrix.FromValuesToRef(
            x, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
            0.0, y, 0.0, 0.0,
            0.0, 0.0, z, 0.0,
            0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0,
            result
        );

        result._updateIdentityStatus(x === 1 && y === 1 && z === 1);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a translation matrix
     * @param x defines the translation on X axis
     * @param y defines the translation on Y axis
     * @param z defines the translationon Z axis
     * @returns the new matrix
     */
    public static Translation(x: number, y: number, z: number): Matrix {
        var result = new Matrix();
        Matrix.TranslationToRef(x, y, z, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a translation matrix and stores it in a given matrix
     * @param x defines the translation on X axis
     * @param y defines the translation on Y axis
     * @param z defines the translationon Z axis
     * @param result defines the target matrix
     */
    public static TranslationToRef(x: number, y: number, z: number, result: Matrix): void {
        Matrix.FromValuesToRef(
            1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
            0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0,
            0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0,
            x, y, z, 1.0,
            result
        );
        result._updateIdentityStatus(x === 0 && y === 0 && z === 0);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Matrix whose values are the interpolated values for "gradient" (float) between the ones of the matrices "startValue" and "endValue".
     * @param startValue defines the start value
     * @param endValue defines the end value
     * @param gradient defines the gradient factor
     * @returns the new matrix
     */
    public static Lerp(startValue: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, endValue: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, gradient: number): Matrix {
        var result = new Matrix();
        Matrix.LerpToRef(startValue, endValue, gradient, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Set the given matrix "result" as the interpolated values for "gradient" (float) between the ones of the matrices "startValue" and "endValue".
     * @param startValue defines the start value
     * @param endValue defines the end value
     * @param gradient defines the gradient factor
     * @param result defines the Matrix object where to store data
     */
    public static LerpToRef(startValue: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, endValue: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, gradient: number, result: Matrix): void {
        const resultM = result._m;
        const startM = startValue.m;
        const endM = endValue.m;
        for (var index = 0; index < 16; index++) {
            resultM[index] = startM[index] * (1.0 - gradient) + endM[index] * gradient;
        }
        result._markAsUpdated();
    }

    /**
     * Builds a new matrix whose values are computed by:
     * * decomposing the the "startValue" and "endValue" matrices into their respective scale, rotation and translation matrices
     * * interpolating for "gradient" (float) the values between each of these decomposed matrices between the start and the end
     * * recomposing a new matrix from these 3 interpolated scale, rotation and translation matrices
     * @param startValue defines the first matrix
     * @param endValue defines the second matrix
     * @param gradient defines the gradient between the two matrices
     * @returns the new matrix
     */
    public static DecomposeLerp(startValue: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, endValue: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, gradient: number): Matrix {
        var result = new Matrix();
        Matrix.DecomposeLerpToRef(startValue, endValue, gradient, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Update a matrix to values which are computed by:
     * * decomposing the the "startValue" and "endValue" matrices into their respective scale, rotation and translation matrices
     * * interpolating for "gradient" (float) the values between each of these decomposed matrices between the start and the end
     * * recomposing a new matrix from these 3 interpolated scale, rotation and translation matrices
     * @param startValue defines the first matrix
     * @param endValue defines the second matrix
     * @param gradient defines the gradient between the two matrices
     * @param result defines the target matrix
     */
    public static DecomposeLerpToRef(startValue: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, endValue: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, gradient: number, result: Matrix) {
        var startScale = MathTmp.Vector3[0];
        var startRotation = MathTmp.Quaternion[0];
        var startTranslation = MathTmp.Vector3[1];
        startValue.decompose(startScale, startRotation, startTranslation);

        var endScale = MathTmp.Vector3[2];
        var endRotation = MathTmp.Quaternion[1];
        var endTranslation = MathTmp.Vector3[3];
        endValue.decompose(endScale, endRotation, endTranslation);

        var resultScale = MathTmp.Vector3[4];
        Vector3.LerpToRef(startScale, endScale, gradient, resultScale);
        var resultRotation = MathTmp.Quaternion[2];
        Quaternion.SlerpToRef(startRotation, endRotation, gradient, resultRotation);

        var resultTranslation = MathTmp.Vector3[5];
        Vector3.LerpToRef(startTranslation, endTranslation, gradient, resultTranslation);

        Matrix.ComposeToRef(resultScale, resultRotation, resultTranslation, result);
    }

    /**
     * Gets a new rotation matrix used to rotate an entity so as it looks at the target vector3, from the eye vector3 position, the up vector3 being oriented like "up"
     * This function works in left handed mode
     * @param eye defines the final position of the entity
     * @param target defines where the entity should look at
     * @param up defines the up vector for the entity
     * @returns the new matrix
     */
    public static LookAtLH(eye: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, target: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, up: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): Matrix {
        var result = new Matrix();
        Matrix.LookAtLHToRef(eye, target, up, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the given "result" Matrix to a rotation matrix used to rotate an entity so that it looks at the target vector3, from the eye vector3 position, the up vector3 being oriented like "up".
     * This function works in left handed mode
     * @param eye defines the final position of the entity
     * @param target defines where the entity should look at
     * @param up defines the up vector for the entity
     * @param result defines the target matrix
     */
    public static LookAtLHToRef(eye: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, target: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, up: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, result: Matrix): void {
        const xAxis = MathTmp.Vector3[0];
        const yAxis = MathTmp.Vector3[1];
        const zAxis = MathTmp.Vector3[2];

        // Z axis
        target.subtractToRef(eye, zAxis);
        zAxis.normalize();

        // X axis
        Vector3.CrossToRef(up, zAxis, xAxis);

        const xSquareLength = xAxis.lengthSquared();
        if (xSquareLength === 0) {
            xAxis.x = 1.0;
        } else {
            xAxis.normalizeFromLength(Math.sqrt(xSquareLength));
        }

        // Y axis
        Vector3.CrossToRef(zAxis, xAxis, yAxis);
        yAxis.normalize();

        // Eye angles
        var ex = -Vector3.Dot(xAxis, eye);
        var ey = -Vector3.Dot(yAxis, eye);
        var ez = -Vector3.Dot(zAxis, eye);

        Matrix.FromValuesToRef(
            xAxis.x, yAxis.x, zAxis.x, 0.0,
            xAxis.y, yAxis.y, zAxis.y, 0.0,
            xAxis.z, yAxis.z, zAxis.z, 0.0,
            ex, ey, ez, 1.0,
            result
        );
    }

    /**
     * Gets a new rotation matrix used to rotate an entity so as it looks at the target vector3, from the eye vector3 position, the up vector3 being oriented like "up"
     * This function works in right handed mode
     * @param eye defines the final position of the entity
     * @param target defines where the entity should look at
     * @param up defines the up vector for the entity
     * @returns the new matrix
     */
    public static LookAtRH(eye: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, target: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, up: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): Matrix {
        var result = new Matrix();
        Matrix.LookAtRHToRef(eye, target, up, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the given "result" Matrix to a rotation matrix used to rotate an entity so that it looks at the target vector3, from the eye vector3 position, the up vector3 being oriented like "up".
     * This function works in right handed mode
     * @param eye defines the final position of the entity
     * @param target defines where the entity should look at
     * @param up defines the up vector for the entity
     * @param result defines the target matrix
     */
    public static LookAtRHToRef(eye: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, target: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, up: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, result: Matrix): void {
        const xAxis = MathTmp.Vector3[0];
        const yAxis = MathTmp.Vector3[1];
        const zAxis = MathTmp.Vector3[2];

        // Z axis
        eye.subtractToRef(target, zAxis);
        zAxis.normalize();

        // X axis
        Vector3.CrossToRef(up, zAxis, xAxis);

        const xSquareLength = xAxis.lengthSquared();
        if (xSquareLength === 0) {
            xAxis.x = 1.0;
        } else {
            xAxis.normalizeFromLength(Math.sqrt(xSquareLength));
        }

        // Y axis
        Vector3.CrossToRef(zAxis, xAxis, yAxis);
        yAxis.normalize();

        // Eye angles
        var ex = -Vector3.Dot(xAxis, eye);
        var ey = -Vector3.Dot(yAxis, eye);
        var ez = -Vector3.Dot(zAxis, eye);

        Matrix.FromValuesToRef(
            xAxis.x, yAxis.x, zAxis.x, 0.0,
            xAxis.y, yAxis.y, zAxis.y, 0.0,
            xAxis.z, yAxis.z, zAxis.z, 0.0,
            ex, ey, ez, 1.0,
            result
        );
    }

    /**
     * Create a left-handed orthographic projection matrix
     * @param width defines the viewport width
     * @param height defines the viewport height
     * @param znear defines the near clip plane
     * @param zfar defines the far clip plane
     * @returns a new matrix as a left-handed orthographic projection matrix
     */
    public static OrthoLH(width: number, height: number, znear: number, zfar: number): Matrix {
        var matrix = new Matrix();
        Matrix.OrthoLHToRef(width, height, znear, zfar, matrix);
        return matrix;
    }

    /**
     * Store a left-handed orthographic projection to a given matrix
     * @param width defines the viewport width
     * @param height defines the viewport height
     * @param znear defines the near clip plane
     * @param zfar defines the far clip plane
     * @param result defines the target matrix
     */
    public static OrthoLHToRef(width: number, height: number, znear: number, zfar: number, result: Matrix): void {
        let n = znear;
        let f = zfar;

        let a = 2.0 / width;
        let b = 2.0 / height;
        let c = 2.0 / (f - n);
        let d = -(f + n) / (f - n);

        Matrix.FromValuesToRef(
            a, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
            0.0, b, 0.0, 0.0,
            0.0, 0.0, c, 0.0,
            0.0, 0.0, d, 1.0,
            result
        );

        result._updateIdentityStatus(a === 1 && b === 1 && c === 1 && d === 0);
    }

    /**
     * Create a left-handed orthographic projection matrix
     * @param left defines the viewport left coordinate
     * @param right defines the viewport right coordinate
     * @param bottom defines the viewport bottom coordinate
     * @param top defines the viewport top coordinate
     * @param znear defines the near clip plane
     * @param zfar defines the far clip plane
     * @returns a new matrix as a left-handed orthographic projection matrix
     */
    public static OrthoOffCenterLH(left: number, right: number, bottom: number, top: number, znear: number, zfar: number): Matrix {
        var matrix = new Matrix();
        Matrix.OrthoOffCenterLHToRef(left, right, bottom, top, znear, zfar, matrix);
        return matrix;
    }

    /**
     * Stores a left-handed orthographic projection into a given matrix
     * @param left defines the viewport left coordinate
     * @param right defines the viewport right coordinate
     * @param bottom defines the viewport bottom coordinate
     * @param top defines the viewport top coordinate
     * @param znear defines the near clip plane
     * @param zfar defines the far clip plane
     * @param result defines the target matrix
     */
    public static OrthoOffCenterLHToRef(left: number, right: number, bottom: number, top: number, znear: number, zfar: number, result: Matrix): void {
        let n = znear;
        let f = zfar;

        let a = 2.0 / (right - left);
        let b = 2.0 / (top - bottom);
        let c = 2.0 / (f - n);
        let d = -(f + n) / (f - n);
        let i0 = (left + right) / (left - right);
        let i1 = (top + bottom) / (bottom - top);

        Matrix.FromValuesToRef(
            a, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
            0.0, b, 0.0, 0.0,
            0.0, 0.0, c, 0.0,
            i0, i1, d, 1.0,
            result
        );

        result._markAsUpdated();
    }

    /**
     * Creates a right-handed orthographic projection matrix
     * @param left defines the viewport left coordinate
     * @param right defines the viewport right coordinate
     * @param bottom defines the viewport bottom coordinate
     * @param top defines the viewport top coordinate
     * @param znear defines the near clip plane
     * @param zfar defines the far clip plane
     * @returns a new matrix as a right-handed orthographic projection matrix
     */
    public static OrthoOffCenterRH(left: number, right: number, bottom: number, top: number, znear: number, zfar: number): Matrix {
        var matrix = new Matrix();
        Matrix.OrthoOffCenterRHToRef(left, right, bottom, top, znear, zfar, matrix);
        return matrix;
    }

    /**
     * Stores a right-handed orthographic projection into a given matrix
     * @param left defines the viewport left coordinate
     * @param right defines the viewport right coordinate
     * @param bottom defines the viewport bottom coordinate
     * @param top defines the viewport top coordinate
     * @param znear defines the near clip plane
     * @param zfar defines the far clip plane
     * @param result defines the target matrix
     */
    public static OrthoOffCenterRHToRef(left: number, right: number, bottom: number, top: number, znear: number, zfar: number, result: Matrix): void {
        Matrix.OrthoOffCenterLHToRef(left, right, bottom, top, znear, zfar, result);
        result._m[10] *= -1; // No need to call _markAsUpdated as previous function already called it and let _isIdentityDirty to true
    }

    /**
     * Creates a left-handed perspective projection matrix
     * @param width defines the viewport width
     * @param height defines the viewport height
     * @param znear defines the near clip plane
     * @param zfar defines the far clip plane
     * @returns a new matrix as a left-handed perspective projection matrix
     */
    public static PerspectiveLH(width: number, height: number, znear: number, zfar: number): Matrix {
        var matrix = new Matrix();

        let n = znear;
        let f = zfar;

        let a = 2.0 * n / width;
        let b = 2.0 * n / height;
        let c = (f + n) / (f - n);
        let d = -2.0 * f * n / (f - n);

        Matrix.FromValuesToRef(
            a, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
            0.0, b, 0.0, 0.0,
            0.0, 0.0, c, 1.0,
            0.0, 0.0, d, 0.0,
            matrix
        );

        matrix._updateIdentityStatus(false);
        return matrix;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a left-handed perspective projection matrix
     * @param fov defines the horizontal field of view
     * @param aspect defines the aspect ratio
     * @param znear defines the near clip plane
     * @param zfar defines the far clip plane
     * @returns a new matrix as a left-handed perspective projection matrix
     */
    public static PerspectiveFovLH(fov: number, aspect: number, znear: number, zfar: number): Matrix {
        var matrix = new Matrix();
        Matrix.PerspectiveFovLHToRef(fov, aspect, znear, zfar, matrix);
        return matrix;
    }

    /**
     * Stores a left-handed perspective projection into a given matrix
     * @param fov defines the horizontal field of view
     * @param aspect defines the aspect ratio
     * @param znear defines the near clip plane
     * @param zfar defines the far clip plane
     * @param result defines the target matrix
     * @param isVerticalFovFixed defines it the fov is vertically fixed (default) or horizontally
     */
    public static PerspectiveFovLHToRef(fov: number, aspect: number, znear: number, zfar: number, result: Matrix, isVerticalFovFixed = true): void {
        let n = znear;
        let f = zfar;

        let t = 1.0 / (Math.tan(fov * 0.5));
        let a = isVerticalFovFixed ? (t / aspect) : t;
        let b = isVerticalFovFixed ? t : (t * aspect);
        let c = (f + n) / (f - n);
        let d = -2.0 * f * n / (f - n);

        Matrix.FromValuesToRef(
            a, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
            0.0, b, 0.0, 0.0,
            0.0, 0.0, c, 1.0,
            0.0, 0.0, d, 0.0,
            result
        );
        result._updateIdentityStatus(false);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a right-handed perspective projection matrix
     * @param fov defines the horizontal field of view
     * @param aspect defines the aspect ratio
     * @param znear defines the near clip plane
     * @param zfar defines the far clip plane
     * @returns a new matrix as a right-handed perspective projection matrix
     */
    public static PerspectiveFovRH(fov: number, aspect: number, znear: number, zfar: number): Matrix {
        var matrix = new Matrix();
        Matrix.PerspectiveFovRHToRef(fov, aspect, znear, zfar, matrix);
        return matrix;
    }

    /**
     * Stores a right-handed perspective projection into a given matrix
     * @param fov defines the horizontal field of view
     * @param aspect defines the aspect ratio
     * @param znear defines the near clip plane
     * @param zfar defines the far clip plane
     * @param result defines the target matrix
     * @param isVerticalFovFixed defines it the fov is vertically fixed (default) or horizontally
     */
    public static PerspectiveFovRHToRef(fov: number, aspect: number, znear: number, zfar: number, result: Matrix, isVerticalFovFixed = true): void {
        //alternatively this could be expressed as:
        //    m = PerspectiveFovLHToRef
        //    m[10] *= -1.0;
        //    m[11] *= -1.0;

        let n = znear;
        let f = zfar;

        let t = 1.0 / (Math.tan(fov * 0.5));
        let a = isVerticalFovFixed ? (t / aspect) : t;
        let b = isVerticalFovFixed ? t : (t * aspect);
        let c = -(f + n) / (f - n);
        let d = -2 * f * n / (f - n);

        Matrix.FromValuesToRef(
            a, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
            0.0, b, 0.0, 0.0,
            0.0, 0.0, c, -1.0,
            0.0, 0.0, d, 0.0,
            result
        );

        result._updateIdentityStatus(false);
    }

    /**
     * Stores a perspective projection for WebVR info a given matrix
     * @param fov defines the field of view
     * @param znear defines the near clip plane
     * @param zfar defines the far clip plane
     * @param result defines the target matrix
     * @param rightHanded defines if the matrix must be in right-handed mode (false by default)
     */
    public static PerspectiveFovWebVRToRef(fov: { upDegrees: number, downDegrees: number, leftDegrees: number, rightDegrees: number }, znear: number, zfar: number, result: Matrix, rightHanded = false): void {

        var rightHandedFactor = rightHanded ? -1 : 1;

        var upTan = Math.tan(fov.upDegrees * Math.PI / 180.0);
        var downTan = Math.tan(fov.downDegrees * Math.PI / 180.0);
        var leftTan = Math.tan(fov.leftDegrees * Math.PI / 180.0);
        var rightTan = Math.tan(fov.rightDegrees * Math.PI / 180.0);
        var xScale = 2.0 / (leftTan + rightTan);
        var yScale = 2.0 / (upTan + downTan);
        const m = result._m;
        m[0] = xScale;
        m[1] = m[2] = m[3] = m[4] = 0.0;
        m[5] = yScale;
        m[6] = m[7] = 0.0;
        m[8] = ((leftTan - rightTan) * xScale * 0.5);
        m[9] = -((upTan - downTan) * yScale * 0.5);
        m[10] = -zfar / (znear - zfar);
        m[11] = 1.0 * rightHandedFactor;
        m[12] = m[13] = m[15] = 0.0;
        m[14] = -(2.0 * zfar * znear) / (zfar - znear);

        result._markAsUpdated();
    }

    /**
     * Computes a complete transformation matrix
     * @param viewport defines the viewport to use
     * @param world defines the world matrix
     * @param view defines the view matrix
     * @param projection defines the projection matrix
     * @param zmin defines the near clip plane
     * @param zmax defines the far clip plane
     * @returns the transformation matrix
     */
    public static GetFinalMatrix(viewport: DeepImmutable<Viewport>, world: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, view: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, projection: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, zmin: number, zmax: number): Matrix {
        var cw = viewport.width;
        var ch = viewport.height;
        var cx = viewport.x;
        var cy = viewport.y;

        var viewportMatrix = Matrix.FromValues(
            cw / 2.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
            0.0, -ch / 2.0, 0.0, 0.0,
            0.0, 0.0, zmax - zmin, 0.0,
            cx + cw / 2.0, ch / 2.0 + cy, zmin, 1.0);

        var matrix = MathTmp.Matrix[0];
        world.multiplyToRef(view, matrix);
        matrix.multiplyToRef(projection, matrix);
        return matrix.multiply(viewportMatrix);
    }

    /**
     * Extracts a 2x2 matrix from a given matrix and store the result in a Float32Array
     * @param matrix defines the matrix to use
     * @returns a new Float32Array array with 4 elements : the 2x2 matrix extracted from the given matrix
     */
    public static GetAsMatrix2x2(matrix: DeepImmutable<Matrix>): Float32Array {
        const m = matrix.m;
        return new Float32Array([m[0], m[1], m[4], m[5]]);
    }
    /**
     * Extracts a 3x3 matrix from a given matrix and store the result in a Float32Array
     * @param matrix defines the matrix to use
     * @returns a new Float32Array array with 9 elements : the 3x3 matrix extracted from the given matrix
     */
    public static GetAsMatrix3x3(matrix: DeepImmutable<Matrix>): Float32Array {
        const m = matrix.m;
        return new Float32Array([
            m[0], m[1], m[2],
            m[4], m[5], m[6],
            m[8], m[9], m[10]
        ]);
    }

    /**
     * Compute the transpose of a given matrix
     * @param matrix defines the matrix to transpose
     * @returns the new matrix
     */
    public static Transpose(matrix: DeepImmutable<Matrix>): Matrix {
        var result = new Matrix();
        Matrix.TransposeToRef(matrix, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Compute the transpose of a matrix and store it in a target matrix
     * @param matrix defines the matrix to transpose
     * @param result defines the target matrix
     */
    public static TransposeToRef(matrix: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, result: Matrix): void {
        const rm = result._m;
        const mm = matrix.m;
        rm[0] = mm[0];
        rm[1] = mm[4];
        rm[2] = mm[8];
        rm[3] = mm[12];

        rm[4] = mm[1];
        rm[5] = mm[5];
        rm[6] = mm[9];
        rm[7] = mm[13];

        rm[8] = mm[2];
        rm[9] = mm[6];
        rm[10] = mm[10];
        rm[11] = mm[14];

        rm[12] = mm[3];
        rm[13] = mm[7];
        rm[14] = mm[11];
        rm[15] = mm[15];
        // identity-ness does not change when transposing
        result._updateIdentityStatus((matrix as Matrix)._isIdentity, (matrix as Matrix)._isIdentityDirty);
    }

    /**
     * Computes a reflection matrix from a plane
     * @param plane defines the reflection plane
     * @returns a new matrix
     */
    public static Reflection(plane: DeepImmutable<Plane>): Matrix {
        var matrix = new Matrix();
        Matrix.ReflectionToRef(plane, matrix);
        return matrix;
    }

    /**
     * Computes a reflection matrix from a plane
     * @param plane defines the reflection plane
     * @param result defines the target matrix
     */
    public static ReflectionToRef(plane: DeepImmutable<Plane>, result: Matrix): void {
        plane.normalize();
        var x = plane.normal.x;
        var y = plane.normal.y;
        var z = plane.normal.z;
        var temp = -2 * x;
        var temp2 = -2 * y;
        var temp3 = -2 * z;
        Matrix.FromValuesToRef(
            temp * x + 1, temp2 * x, temp3 * x, 0.0,
            temp * y, temp2 * y + 1, temp3 * y, 0.0,
            temp * z, temp2 * z, temp3 * z + 1, 0.0,
            temp * plane.d, temp2 * plane.d, temp3 * plane.d, 1.0,
            result
        );
    }

    /**
     * Sets the given matrix as a rotation matrix composed from the 3 left handed axes
     * @param xaxis defines the value of the 1st axis
     * @param yaxis defines the value of the 2nd axis
     * @param zaxis defines the value of the 3rd axis
     * @param result defines the target matrix
     */
    public static FromXYZAxesToRef(xaxis: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, yaxis: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, zaxis: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, result: Matrix) {
        Matrix.FromValuesToRef(
            xaxis.x, xaxis.y, xaxis.z, 0.0,
            yaxis.x, yaxis.y, yaxis.z, 0.0,
            zaxis.x, zaxis.y, zaxis.z, 0.0,
            0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0,
            result
        );
    }

    /**
     * Creates a rotation matrix from a quaternion and stores it in a target matrix
     * @param quat defines the quaternion to use
     * @param result defines the target matrix
     */
    public static FromQuaternionToRef(quat: DeepImmutable<Quaternion>, result: Matrix) {
        var xx = quat.x * quat.x;
        var yy = quat.y * quat.y;
        var zz = quat.z * quat.z;
        var xy = quat.x * quat.y;
        var zw = quat.z * quat.w;
        var zx = quat.z * quat.x;
        var yw = quat.y * quat.w;
        var yz = quat.y * quat.z;
        var xw = quat.x * quat.w;

        result._m[0] = 1.0 - (2.0 * (yy + zz));
        result._m[1] = 2.0 * (xy + zw);
        result._m[2] = 2.0 * (zx - yw);
        result._m[3] = 0.0;

        result._m[4] = 2.0 * (xy - zw);
        result._m[5] = 1.0 - (2.0 * (zz + xx));
        result._m[6] = 2.0 * (yz + xw);
        result._m[7] = 0.0;

        result._m[8] = 2.0 * (zx + yw);
        result._m[9] = 2.0 * (yz - xw);
        result._m[10] = 1.0 - (2.0 * (yy + xx));
        result._m[11] = 0.0;

        result._m[12] = 0.0;
        result._m[13] = 0.0;
        result._m[14] = 0.0;
        result._m[15] = 1.0;

        result._markAsUpdated();
    }
}

/**
 * Represens a plane by the equation ax + by + cz + d = 0
 */
export class Plane {
    /**
     * Normal of the plane (a,b,c)
     */
    public normal: Vector3;
    /**
     * d component of the plane
     */
    public d: number;
    /**
     * Creates a Plane object according to the given floats a, b, c, d and the plane equation : ax + by + cz + d = 0
     * @param a a component of the plane
     * @param b b component of the plane
     * @param c c component of the plane
     * @param d d component of the plane
     */
    constructor(a: number, b: number, c: number, d: number) {
        this.normal = new Vector3(a, b, c);
        this.d = d;
    }

    /**
     * @returns the plane coordinates as a new array of 4 elements [a, b, c, d].
     */
    public asArray(): number[] {
        return [this.normal.x, this.normal.y, this.normal.z, this.d];
    }

    // Methods
    /**
     * @returns a new plane copied from the current Plane.
     */
    public clone(): Plane {
        return new Plane(this.normal.x, this.normal.y, this.normal.z, this.d);
    }
    /**
     * @returns the string "Plane".
     */
    public getClassName(): string {
        return "Plane";
    }
    /**
     * @returns the Plane hash code.
     */
    public getHashCode(): number {
        let hash = this.normal.getHashCode();
        hash = (hash * 397) ^ (this.d | 0);
        return hash;
    }
    /**
     * Normalize the current Plane in place.
     * @returns the updated Plane.
     */
    public normalize(): Plane {
        var norm = (Math.sqrt((this.normal.x * this.normal.x) + (this.normal.y * this.normal.y) + (this.normal.z * this.normal.z)));
        var magnitude = 0.0;

        if (norm !== 0) {
            magnitude = 1.0 / norm;
        }
        this.normal.x *= magnitude;
        this.normal.y *= magnitude;
        this.normal.z *= magnitude;
        this.d *= magnitude;
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Applies a transformation the plane and returns the result
     * @param transformation the transformation matrix to be applied to the plane
     * @returns a new Plane as the result of the transformation of the current Plane by the given matrix.
     */
    public transform(transformation: DeepImmutable<Matrix>): Plane {
        const transposedMatrix = MathTmp.Matrix[0];
        Matrix.TransposeToRef(transformation, transposedMatrix);
        const m = transposedMatrix.m;
        var x = this.normal.x;
        var y = this.normal.y;
        var z = this.normal.z;
        var d = this.d;

        var normalX = x * m[0] + y * m[1] + z * m[2] + d * m[3];
        var normalY = x * m[4] + y * m[5] + z * m[6] + d * m[7];
        var normalZ = x * m[8] + y * m[9] + z * m[10] + d * m[11];
        var finalD = x * m[12] + y * m[13] + z * m[14] + d * m[15];

        return new Plane(normalX, normalY, normalZ, finalD);
    }

    /**
     * Calcualtte the dot product between the point and the plane normal
     * @param point point to calculate the dot product with
     * @returns the dot product (float) of the point coordinates and the plane normal.
     */
    public dotCoordinate(point: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): number {
        return ((((this.normal.x * point.x) + (this.normal.y * point.y)) + (this.normal.z * point.z)) + this.d);
    }

    /**
     * Updates the current Plane from the plane defined by the three given points.
     * @param point1 one of the points used to contruct the plane
     * @param point2 one of the points used to contruct the plane
     * @param point3 one of the points used to contruct the plane
     * @returns the updated Plane.
     */
    public copyFromPoints(point1: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, point2: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, point3: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): Plane {
        var x1 = point2.x - point1.x;
        var y1 = point2.y - point1.y;
        var z1 = point2.z - point1.z;
        var x2 = point3.x - point1.x;
        var y2 = point3.y - point1.y;
        var z2 = point3.z - point1.z;
        var yz = (y1 * z2) - (z1 * y2);
        var xz = (z1 * x2) - (x1 * z2);
        var xy = (x1 * y2) - (y1 * x2);
        var pyth = (Math.sqrt((yz * yz) + (xz * xz) + (xy * xy)));
        var invPyth;

        if (pyth !== 0) {
            invPyth = 1.0 / pyth;
        }
        else {
            invPyth = 0.0;
        }

        this.normal.x = yz * invPyth;
        this.normal.y = xz * invPyth;
        this.normal.z = xy * invPyth;
        this.d = -((this.normal.x * point1.x) + (this.normal.y * point1.y) + (this.normal.z * point1.z));

        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Checks if the plane is facing a given direction
     * @param direction the direction to check if the plane is facing
     * @param epsilon value the dot product is compared against (returns true if dot <= epsilon)
     * @returns True is the vector "direction"  is the same side than the plane normal.
     */
    public isFrontFacingTo(direction: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, epsilon: number): boolean {
        var dot = Vector3.Dot(this.normal, direction);
        return (dot <= epsilon);
    }

    /**
     * Calculates the distance to a point
     * @param point point to calculate distance to
     * @returns the signed distance (float) from the given point to the Plane.
     */
    public signedDistanceTo(point: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): number {
        return Vector3.Dot(point, this.normal) + this.d;
    }

    // Statics
    /**
     * Creates a plane from an  array
     * @param array the array to create a plane from
     * @returns a new Plane from the given array.
     */
    static FromArray(array: DeepImmutable<ArrayLike<number>>): Plane {
        return new Plane(array[0], array[1], array[2], array[3]);
    }
    /**
     * Creates a plane from three points
     * @param point1 point used to create the plane
     * @param point2 point used to create the plane
     * @param point3 point used to create the plane
     * @returns a new Plane defined by the three given points.
     */
    static FromPoints(point1: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, point2: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, point3: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): Plane {
        var result = new Plane(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
        result.copyFromPoints(point1, point2, point3);
        return result;
    }
    /**
     * Creates a plane from an origin point and a normal
     * @param origin origin of the plane to be constructed
     * @param normal normal of the plane to be constructed
     * @returns a new Plane the normal vector to this plane at the given origin point.
     * Note : the vector "normal" is updated because normalized.
     */
    static FromPositionAndNormal(origin: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, normal: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): Plane {
        var result = new Plane(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
        normal.normalize();
        result.normal = normal;
        result.d = -(normal.x * origin.x + normal.y * origin.y + normal.z * origin.z);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Calculates the distance from a plane and a point
     * @param origin origin of the plane to be constructed
     * @param normal normal of the plane to be constructed
     * @param point point to calculate distance to
     * @returns the signed distance between the plane defined by the normal vector at the "origin"" point and the given other point.
     */
    static SignedDistanceToPlaneFromPositionAndNormal(origin: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, normal: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, point: DeepImmutable<Vector3>): number {
        var d = -(normal.x * origin.x + normal.y * origin.y + normal.z * origin.z);
        return Vector3.Dot(point, normal) + d;
    }
}

/**
 * Class used to represent a viewport on screen
 */
export class Viewport {
    /**
     * Creates a Viewport object located at (x, y) and sized (width, height)
     * @param x defines viewport left coordinate
     * @param y defines viewport top coordinate
     * @param width defines the viewport width
     * @param height defines the viewport height
     */
    constructor(
        /** viewport left coordinate */
        public x: number,
        /** viewport top coordinate */
        public y: number,
        /**viewport width */
        public width: number,
        /** viewport height */
        public height: number) {
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new viewport using absolute sizing (from 0-> width, 0-> height instead of 0->1)
     * @param renderWidth defines the rendering width
     * @param renderHeight defines the rendering height
     * @returns a new Viewport
     */
    public toGlobal(renderWidth: number, renderHeight: number): Viewport {
        return new Viewport(this.x * renderWidth, this.y * renderHeight, this.width * renderWidth, this.height * renderHeight);
    }

    /**
     * Stores absolute viewport value into a target viewport (from 0-> width, 0-> height instead of 0->1)
     * @param renderWidth defines the rendering width
     * @param renderHeight defines the rendering height
     * @param ref defines the target viewport
     * @returns the current viewport
     */
    public toGlobalToRef(renderWidth: number, renderHeight: number, ref: Viewport): Viewport {
        ref.x = this.x * renderWidth;
        ref.y = this.y * renderHeight;
        ref.width = this.width * renderWidth;
        ref.height = this.height * renderHeight;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new Viewport copied from the current one
     * @returns a new Viewport
     */
    public clone(): Viewport {
        return new Viewport(this.x, this.y, this.width, this.height);
    }
}

/**
 * Reprasents a camera frustum
 */
export class Frustum {
    /**
     * Gets the planes representing the frustum
     * @param transform matrix to be applied to the returned planes
     * @returns a new array of 6 Frustum planes computed by the given transformation matrix.
     */
    public static GetPlanes(transform: DeepImmutable<Matrix>): Plane[] {
        var frustumPlanes = [];
        for (var index = 0; index < 6; index++) {
            frustumPlanes.push(new Plane(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0));
        }
        Frustum.GetPlanesToRef(transform, frustumPlanes);
        return frustumPlanes;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the near frustum plane transformed by the transform matrix
     * @param transform transformation matrix to be applied to the resulting frustum plane
     * @param frustumPlane the resuling frustum plane
     */
    public static GetNearPlaneToRef(transform: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, frustumPlane: Plane): void {
        const m = transform.m;
        frustumPlane.normal.x = m[3] + m[2];
        frustumPlane.normal.y = m[7] + m[6];
        frustumPlane.normal.z = m[11] + m[10];
        frustumPlane.d = m[15] + m[14];
        frustumPlane.normalize();
    }

    /**
     * Gets the far frustum plane transformed by the transform matrix
     * @param transform transformation matrix to be applied to the resulting frustum plane
     * @param frustumPlane the resuling frustum plane
     */
    public static GetFarPlaneToRef(transform: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, frustumPlane: Plane): void {
        const m = transform.m;
        frustumPlane.normal.x = m[3] - m[2];
        frustumPlane.normal.y = m[7] - m[6];
        frustumPlane.normal.z = m[11] - m[10];
        frustumPlane.d = m[15] - m[14];
        frustumPlane.normalize();
    }

    /**
     * Gets the left frustum plane transformed by the transform matrix
     * @param transform transformation matrix to be applied to the resulting frustum plane
     * @param frustumPlane the resuling frustum plane
     */
    public static GetLeftPlaneToRef(transform: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, frustumPlane: Plane): void {
        const m = transform.m;
        frustumPlane.normal.x = m[3] + m[0];
        frustumPlane.normal.y = m[7] + m[4];
        frustumPlane.normal.z = m[11] + m[8];
        frustumPlane.d = m[15] + m[12];
        frustumPlane.normalize();
    }

    /**
     * Gets the right frustum plane transformed by the transform matrix
     * @param transform transformation matrix to be applied to the resulting frustum plane
     * @param frustumPlane the resuling frustum plane
     */
    public static GetRightPlaneToRef(transform: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, frustumPlane: Plane): void {
        const m = transform.m;
        frustumPlane.normal.x = m[3] - m[0];
        frustumPlane.normal.y = m[7] - m[4];
        frustumPlane.normal.z = m[11] - m[8];
        frustumPlane.d = m[15] - m[12];
        frustumPlane.normalize();
    }

    /**
     * Gets the top frustum plane transformed by the transform matrix
     * @param transform transformation matrix to be applied to the resulting frustum plane
     * @param frustumPlane the resuling frustum plane
     */
    public static GetTopPlaneToRef(transform: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, frustumPlane: Plane): void {
        const m = transform.m;
        frustumPlane.normal.x = m[3] - m[1];
        frustumPlane.normal.y = m[7] - m[5];
        frustumPlane.normal.z = m[11] - m[9];
        frustumPlane.d = m[15] - m[13];
        frustumPlane.normalize();
    }

    /**
     * Gets the bottom frustum plane transformed by the transform matrix
     * @param transform transformation matrix to be applied to the resulting frustum plane
     * @param frustumPlane the resuling frustum plane
     */
    public static GetBottomPlaneToRef(transform: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, frustumPlane: Plane): void {
        const m = transform.m;
        frustumPlane.normal.x = m[3] + m[1];
        frustumPlane.normal.y = m[7] + m[5];
        frustumPlane.normal.z = m[11] + m[9];
        frustumPlane.d = m[15] + m[13];
        frustumPlane.normalize();
    }

    /**
     * Sets the given array "frustumPlanes" with the 6 Frustum planes computed by the given transformation matrix.
     * @param transform transformation matrix to be applied to the resulting frustum planes
     * @param frustumPlanes the resuling frustum planes
     */
    public static GetPlanesToRef(transform: DeepImmutable<Matrix>, frustumPlanes: Plane[]): void {
        // Near
        Frustum.GetNearPlaneToRef(transform, frustumPlanes[0]);

        // Far
        Frustum.GetFarPlaneToRef(transform, frustumPlanes[1]);

        // Left
        Frustum.GetLeftPlaneToRef(transform, frustumPlanes[2]);

        // Right
        Frustum.GetRightPlaneToRef(transform, frustumPlanes[3]);

        // Top
        Frustum.GetTopPlaneToRef(transform, frustumPlanes[4]);

        // Bottom
        Frustum.GetBottomPlaneToRef(transform, frustumPlanes[5]);
    }
}

/** Defines supported spaces */
export enum Space {
    /** Local (object) space */
    LOCAL = 0,
    /** World space */
    WORLD = 1,
    /** Bone space */
    BONE = 2
}

/** Defines the 3 main axes */
export class Axis {
    /** X axis */
    public static X: Vector3 = new Vector3(1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
    /** Y axis */
    public static Y: Vector3 = new Vector3(0.0, 1.0, 0.0);
    /** Z axis */
    public static Z: Vector3 = new Vector3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
}

/** Class used to represent a Bezier curve */
export class BezierCurve {
    /**
     * Returns the cubic Bezier interpolated value (float) at "t" (float) from the given x1, y1, x2, y2 floats
     * @param t defines the time
     * @param x1 defines the left coordinate on X axis
     * @param y1 defines the left coordinate on Y axis
     * @param x2 defines the right coordinate on X axis
     * @param y2 defines the right coordinate on Y axis
     * @returns the interpolated value
     */
    public static Interpolate(t: number, x1: number, y1: number, x2: number, y2: number): number {

        // Extract X (which is equal to time here)
        var f0 = 1 - 3 * x2 + 3 * x1;
        var f1 = 3 * x2 - 6 * x1;
        var f2 = 3 * x1;

        var refinedT = t;
        for (var i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
            var refinedT2 = refinedT * refinedT;
            var refinedT3 = refinedT2 * refinedT;

            var x = f0 * refinedT3 + f1 * refinedT2 + f2 * refinedT;
            var slope = 1.0 / (3.0 * f0 * refinedT2 + 2.0 * f1 * refinedT + f2);
            refinedT -= (x - t) * slope;
            refinedT = Math.min(1, Math.max(0, refinedT));

        }

        // Resolve cubic bezier for the given x
        return 3 * Math.pow(1 - refinedT, 2) * refinedT * y1 +
            3 * (1 - refinedT) * Math.pow(refinedT, 2) * y2 +
            Math.pow(refinedT, 3);
    }
}

/**
 * Defines potential orientation for back face culling
 */
export enum Orientation {
    /**
     * Clockwise
     */
    CW = 0,
    /** Counter clockwise */
    CCW = 1
}

/**
 * Defines angle representation
 */
export class Angle {
    private _radians: number;

    /**
     * Creates an Angle object of "radians" radians (float).
     * @param radians the angle in radians
     */
    constructor(radians: number) {
        this._radians = radians;
        if (this._radians < 0.0) { this._radians += (2.0 * Math.PI); }
    }

    /**
     * Get value in degrees
     * @returns the Angle value in degrees (float)
     */
    public degrees() {
        return this._radians * 180.0 / Math.PI;
    }

    /**
     * Get value in radians
     * @returns the Angle value in radians (float)
     */
    public radians() {
        return this._radians;
    }

    /**
     * Gets a new Angle object valued with the angle value in radians between the two given vectors
     * @param a defines first vector
     * @param b defines second vector
     * @returns a new Angle
     */
    public static BetweenTwoPoints(a: DeepImmutable<Vector2>, b: DeepImmutable<Vector2>): Angle {
        var delta = b.subtract(a);
        var theta = Math.atan2(delta.y, delta.x);
        return new Angle(theta);
    }

    /**
     * Gets a new Angle object from the given float in radians
     * @param radians defines the angle value in radians
     * @returns a new Angle
     */
    public static FromRadians(radians: number): Angle {
        return new Angle(radians);
    }
    /**
     * Gets a new Angle object from the given float in degrees
     * @param degrees defines the angle value in degrees
     * @returns a new Angle
     */
    public static FromDegrees(degrees: number): Angle {
        return new Angle(degrees * Math.PI / 180.0);
    }
}

/**
 * This represents an arc in a 2d space.
 */
export class Arc2 {
    /**
     * Defines the center point of the arc.
     */
    public centerPoint: Vector2;
    /**
     * Defines the radius of the arc.
     */
    public radius: number;
    /**
     * Defines the angle of the arc (from mid point to end point).
     */
    public angle: Angle;
    /**
     * Defines the start angle of the arc (from start point to middle point).
     */
    public startAngle: Angle;
    /**
     * Defines the orientation of the arc (clock wise/counter clock wise).
     */
    public orientation: Orientation;

    /**
     * Creates an Arc object from the three given points : start, middle and end.
     * @param startPoint Defines the start point of the arc
     * @param midPoint Defines the midlle point of the arc
     * @param endPoint Defines the end point of the arc
     */
    constructor(
        /** Defines the start point of the arc */
        public startPoint: Vector2,
        /** Defines the mid point of the arc */
        public midPoint: Vector2,
        /** Defines the end point of the arc */
        public endPoint: Vector2) {

        var temp = Math.pow(midPoint.x, 2) + Math.pow(midPoint.y, 2);
        var startToMid = (Math.pow(startPoint.x, 2) + Math.pow(startPoint.y, 2) - temp) / 2.;
        var midToEnd = (temp - Math.pow(endPoint.x, 2) - Math.pow(endPoint.y, 2)) / 2.;
        var det = (startPoint.x - midPoint.x) * (midPoint.y - endPoint.y) - (midPoint.x - endPoint.x) * (startPoint.y - midPoint.y);

        this.centerPoint = new Vector2(
            (startToMid * (midPoint.y - endPoint.y) - midToEnd * (startPoint.y - midPoint.y)) / det,
            ((startPoint.x - midPoint.x) * midToEnd - (midPoint.x - endPoint.x) * startToMid) / det
        );

        this.radius = this.centerPoint.subtract(this.startPoint).length();

        this.startAngle = Angle.BetweenTwoPoints(this.centerPoint, this.startPoint);

        var a1 = this.startAngle.degrees();
        var a2 = Angle.BetweenTwoPoints(this.centerPoint, this.midPoint).degrees();
        var a3 = Angle.BetweenTwoPoints(this.centerPoint, this.endPoint).degrees();

        // angles correction
        if (a2 - a1 > +180.0) { a2 -= 360.0; }
        if (a2 - a1 < -180.0) { a2 += 360.0; }
        if (a3 - a2 > +180.0) { a3 -= 360.0; }
        if (a3 - a2 < -180.0) { a3 += 360.0; }

        this.orientation = (a2 - a1) < 0 ? Orientation.CW : Orientation.CCW;
        this.angle = Angle.FromDegrees(this.orientation === Orientation.CW ? a1 - a3 : a3 - a1);
    }
}

/**
 * Represents a 2D path made up of multiple 2D points
 */
export class Path2 {
    private _points = new Array<Vector2>();
    private _length = 0.0;

    /**
     * If the path start and end point are the same
     */
    public closed = false;

    /**
     * Creates a Path2 object from the starting 2D coordinates x and y.
     * @param x the starting points x value
     * @param y the starting points y value
     */
    constructor(x: number, y: number) {
        this._points.push(new Vector2(x, y));
    }

    /**
     * Adds a new segment until the given coordinates (x, y) to the current Path2.
     * @param x the added points x value
     * @param y the added points y value
     * @returns the updated Path2.
     */
    public addLineTo(x: number, y: number): Path2 {
        if (this.closed) {
            return this;
        }
        var newPoint = new Vector2(x, y);
        var previousPoint = this._points[this._points.length - 1];
        this._points.push(newPoint);
        this._length += newPoint.subtract(previousPoint).length();
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Adds _numberOfSegments_ segments according to the arc definition (middle point coordinates, end point coordinates, the arc start point being the current Path2 last point) to the current Path2.
     * @param midX middle point x value
     * @param midY middle point y value
     * @param endX end point x value
     * @param endY end point y value
     * @param numberOfSegments (default: 36)
     * @returns the updated Path2.
     */
    public addArcTo(midX: number, midY: number, endX: number, endY: number, numberOfSegments = 36): Path2 {
        if (this.closed) {
            return this;
        }
        var startPoint = this._points[this._points.length - 1];
        var midPoint = new Vector2(midX, midY);
        var endPoint = new Vector2(endX, endY);

        var arc = new Arc2(startPoint, midPoint, endPoint);

        var increment = arc.angle.radians() / numberOfSegments;
        if (arc.orientation === Orientation.CW) { increment *= -1; }
        var currentAngle = arc.startAngle.radians() + increment;

        for (var i = 0; i < numberOfSegments; i++) {
            var x = Math.cos(currentAngle) * arc.radius + arc.centerPoint.x;
            var y = Math.sin(currentAngle) * arc.radius + arc.centerPoint.y;
            this.addLineTo(x, y);
            currentAngle += increment;
        }
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Closes the Path2.
     * @returns the Path2.
     */
    public close(): Path2 {
        this.closed = true;
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Gets the sum of the distance between each sequential point in the path
     * @returns the Path2 total length (float).
     */
    public length(): number {
        var result = this._length;

        if (!this.closed) {
            var lastPoint = this._points[this._points.length - 1];
            var firstPoint = this._points[0];
            result += (firstPoint.subtract(lastPoint).length());
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the points which construct the path
     * @returns the Path2 internal array of points.
     */
    public getPoints(): Vector2[] {
        return this._points;
    }

    /**
     * Retreives the point at the distance aways from the starting point
     * @param normalizedLengthPosition the length along the path to retreive the point from
     * @returns a new Vector2 located at a percentage of the Path2 total length on this path.
     */
    public getPointAtLengthPosition(normalizedLengthPosition: number): Vector2 {
        if (normalizedLengthPosition < 0 || normalizedLengthPosition > 1) {
            return Vector2.Zero();
        }

        var lengthPosition = normalizedLengthPosition * this.length();

        var previousOffset = 0;
        for (var i = 0; i < this._points.length; i++) {
            var j = (i + 1) % this._points.length;

            var a = this._points[i];
            var b = this._points[j];
            var bToA = b.subtract(a);

            var nextOffset = (bToA.length() + previousOffset);
            if (lengthPosition >= previousOffset && lengthPosition <= nextOffset) {
                var dir = bToA.normalize();
                var localOffset = lengthPosition - previousOffset;

                return new Vector2(
                    a.x + (dir.x * localOffset),
                    a.y + (dir.y * localOffset)
                );
            }
            previousOffset = nextOffset;
        }

        return Vector2.Zero();
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new path starting from an x and y position
     * @param x starting x value
     * @param y starting y value
     * @returns a new Path2 starting at the coordinates (x, y).
     */
    public static StartingAt(x: number, y: number): Path2 {
        return new Path2(x, y);
    }
}

/**
 * Represents a 3D path made up of multiple 3D points
 */
export class Path3D {
    private _curve = new Array<Vector3>();
    private _distances = new Array<number>();
    private _tangents = new Array<Vector3>();
    private _normals = new Array<Vector3>();
    private _binormals = new Array<Vector3>();
    private _raw: boolean;

    /**
    * new Path3D(path, normal, raw)
    * Creates a Path3D. A Path3D is a logical math object, so not a mesh.
    * please read the description in the tutorial : https://doc.babylonjs.com/how_to/how_to_use_path3d
    * @param path an array of Vector3, the curve axis of the Path3D
    * @param firstNormal (options) Vector3, the first wanted normal to the curve. Ex (0, 1, 0) for a vertical normal.
    * @param raw (optional, default false) : boolean, if true the returned Path3D isn't normalized. Useful to depict path acceleration or speed.
    */
    constructor(
        /**
         * an array of Vector3, the curve axis of the Path3D
         */
        public path: Vector3[],
        firstNormal: Nullable<Vector3> = null,
        raw?: boolean
    ) {
        for (var p = 0; p < path.length; p++) {
            this._curve[p] = path[p].clone(); // hard copy
        }
        this._raw = raw || false;
        this._compute(firstNormal);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the Path3D array of successive Vector3 designing its curve.
     * @returns the Path3D array of successive Vector3 designing its curve.
     */
    public getCurve(): Vector3[] {
        return this._curve;
    }

    /**
     * Returns an array populated with tangent vectors on each Path3D curve point.
     * @returns an array populated with tangent vectors on each Path3D curve point.
     */
    public getTangents(): Vector3[] {
        return this._tangents;
    }

    /**
     * Returns an array populated with normal vectors on each Path3D curve point.
     * @returns an array populated with normal vectors on each Path3D curve point.
     */
    public getNormals(): Vector3[] {
        return this._normals;
    }

    /**
     * Returns an array populated with binormal vectors on each Path3D curve point.
     * @returns an array populated with binormal vectors on each Path3D curve point.
     */
    public getBinormals(): Vector3[] {
        return this._binormals;
    }

    /**
     * Returns an array populated with distances (float) of the i-th point from the first curve point.
     * @returns an array populated with distances (float) of the i-th point from the first curve point.
     */
    public getDistances(): number[] {
        return this._distances;
    }

    /**
     * Forces the Path3D tangent, normal, binormal and distance recomputation.
     * @param path path which all values are copied into the curves points
     * @param firstNormal which should be projected onto the curve
     * @returns the same object updated.
     */
    public update(path: Vector3[], firstNormal: Nullable<Vector3> = null): Path3D {
        for (var p = 0; p < path.length; p++) {
            this._curve[p].x = path[p].x;
            this._curve[p].y = path[p].y;
            this._curve[p].z = path[p].z;
        }
        this._compute(firstNormal);
        return this;
    }

    // private function compute() : computes tangents, normals and binormals
    private _compute(firstNormal: Nullable<Vector3>): void {
        var l = this._curve.length;

        // first and last tangents
        this._tangents[0] = this._getFirstNonNullVector(0);
        if (!this._raw) {
            this._tangents[0].normalize();
        }
        this._tangents[l - 1] = this._curve[l - 1].subtract(this._curve[l - 2]);
        if (!this._raw) {
            this._tangents[l - 1].normalize();
        }

        // normals and binormals at first point : arbitrary vector with _normalVector()
        var tg0 = this._tangents[0];
        var pp0 = this._normalVector(tg0, firstNormal);
        this._normals[0] = pp0;
        if (!this._raw) {
            this._normals[0].normalize();
        }
        this._binormals[0] = Vector3.Cross(tg0, this._normals[0]);
        if (!this._raw) {
            this._binormals[0].normalize();
        }
        this._distances[0] = 0.0;

        // normals and binormals : next points
        var prev: Vector3;        // previous vector (segment)
        var cur: Vector3;         // current vector (segment)
        var curTang: Vector3;     // current tangent
        // previous normal
        var prevBinor: Vector3;   // previous binormal

        for (var i = 1; i < l; i++) {
            // tangents
            prev = this._getLastNonNullVector(i);
            if (i < l - 1) {
                cur = this._getFirstNonNullVector(i);
                this._tangents[i] = prev.add(cur);
                this._tangents[i].normalize();
            }
            this._distances[i] = this._distances[i - 1] + prev.length();

            // normals and binormals
            // http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/andrew/scs/cs/15-462/web/old/asst2camera.html
            curTang = this._tangents[i];
            prevBinor = this._binormals[i - 1];
            this._normals[i] = Vector3.Cross(prevBinor, curTang);
            if (!this._raw) {
                this._normals[i].normalize();
            }
            this._binormals[i] = Vector3.Cross(curTang, this._normals[i]);
            if (!this._raw) {
                this._binormals[i].normalize();
            }
        }
    }

    // private function getFirstNonNullVector(index)
    // returns the first non null vector from index : curve[index + N].subtract(curve[index])
    private _getFirstNonNullVector(index: number): Vector3 {
        var i = 1;
        var nNVector: Vector3 = this._curve[index + i].subtract(this._curve[index]);
        while (nNVector.length() === 0 && index + i + 1 < this._curve.length) {
            i++;
            nNVector = this._curve[index + i].subtract(this._curve[index]);
        }
        return nNVector;
    }

    // private function getLastNonNullVector(index)
    // returns the last non null vector from index : curve[index].subtract(curve[index - N])
    private _getLastNonNullVector(index: number): Vector3 {
        var i = 1;
        var nLVector: Vector3 = this._curve[index].subtract(this._curve[index - i]);
        while (nLVector.length() === 0 && index > i + 1) {
            i++;
            nLVector = this._curve[index].subtract(this._curve[index - i]);
        }
        return nLVector;
    }

    // private function normalVector(v0, vt, va) :
    // returns an arbitrary point in the plane defined by the point v0 and the vector vt orthogonal to this plane
    // if va is passed, it returns the va projection on the plane orthogonal to vt at the point v0
    private _normalVector(vt: Vector3, va: Nullable<Vector3>): Vector3 {
        var normal0: Vector3;
        var tgl = vt.length();
        if (tgl === 0.0) {
            tgl = 1.0;
        }

        if (va === undefined || va === null) {
            var point: Vector3;
            if (!Scalar.WithinEpsilon(Math.abs(vt.y) / tgl, 1.0, Epsilon)) {     // search for a point in the plane
                point = new Vector3(0.0, -1.0, 0.0);
            }
            else if (!Scalar.WithinEpsilon(Math.abs(vt.x) / tgl, 1.0, Epsilon)) {
                point = new Vector3(1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
            }
            else if (!Scalar.WithinEpsilon(Math.abs(vt.z) / tgl, 1.0, Epsilon)) {
                point = new Vector3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
            }
            else {
                point = Vector3.Zero();
            }
            normal0 = Vector3.Cross(vt, point);
        }
        else {
            normal0 = Vector3.Cross(vt, va);
            Vector3.CrossToRef(normal0, vt, normal0);
        }
        normal0.normalize();
        return normal0;
    }
}

/**
 * A Curve3 object is a logical object, so not a mesh, to handle curves in the 3D geometric space.
 * A Curve3 is designed from a series of successive Vector3.
 * @see https://doc.babylonjs.com/how_to/how_to_use_curve3
 */
export class Curve3 {
    private _points: Vector3[];
    private _length: number = 0.0;

    /**
     * Returns a Curve3 object along a Quadratic Bezier curve : https://doc.babylonjs.com/how_to/how_to_use_curve3#quadratic-bezier-curve
     * @param v0 (Vector3) the origin point of the Quadratic Bezier
     * @param v1 (Vector3) the control point
     * @param v2 (Vector3) the end point of the Quadratic Bezier
     * @param nbPoints (integer) the wanted number of points in the curve
     * @returns the created Curve3
     */
    public static CreateQuadraticBezier(v0: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, v1: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, v2: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, nbPoints: number): Curve3 {
        nbPoints = nbPoints > 2 ? nbPoints : 3;
        var bez = new Array<Vector3>();
        var equation = (t: number, val0: number, val1: number, val2: number) => {
            var res = (1.0 - t) * (1.0 - t) * val0 + 2.0 * t * (1.0 - t) * val1 + t * t * val2;
            return res;
        };
        for (var i = 0; i <= nbPoints; i++) {
            bez.push(new Vector3(equation(i / nbPoints, v0.x, v1.x, v2.x), equation(i / nbPoints, v0.y, v1.y, v2.y), equation(i / nbPoints, v0.z, v1.z, v2.z)));
        }
        return new Curve3(bez);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a Curve3 object along a Cubic Bezier curve : https://doc.babylonjs.com/how_to/how_to_use_curve3#cubic-bezier-curve
     * @param v0 (Vector3) the origin point of the Cubic Bezier
     * @param v1 (Vector3) the first control point
     * @param v2 (Vector3) the second control point
     * @param v3 (Vector3) the end point of the Cubic Bezier
     * @param nbPoints (integer) the wanted number of points in the curve
     * @returns the created Curve3
     */
    public static CreateCubicBezier(v0: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, v1: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, v2: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, v3: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, nbPoints: number): Curve3 {
        nbPoints = nbPoints > 3 ? nbPoints : 4;
        var bez = new Array<Vector3>();
        var equation = (t: number, val0: number, val1: number, val2: number, val3: number) => {
            var res = (1.0 - t) * (1.0 - t) * (1.0 - t) * val0 + 3.0 * t * (1.0 - t) * (1.0 - t) * val1 + 3.0 * t * t * (1.0 - t) * val2 + t * t * t * val3;
            return res;
        };
        for (var i = 0; i <= nbPoints; i++) {
            bez.push(new Vector3(equation(i / nbPoints, v0.x, v1.x, v2.x, v3.x), equation(i / nbPoints, v0.y, v1.y, v2.y, v3.y), equation(i / nbPoints, v0.z, v1.z, v2.z, v3.z)));
        }
        return new Curve3(bez);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a Curve3 object along a Hermite Spline curve : https://doc.babylonjs.com/how_to/how_to_use_curve3#hermite-spline
     * @param p1 (Vector3) the origin point of the Hermite Spline
     * @param t1 (Vector3) the tangent vector at the origin point
     * @param p2 (Vector3) the end point of the Hermite Spline
     * @param t2 (Vector3) the tangent vector at the end point
     * @param nbPoints (integer) the wanted number of points in the curve
     * @returns the created Curve3
     */
    public static CreateHermiteSpline(p1: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, t1: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, p2: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, t2: DeepImmutable<Vector3>, nbPoints: number): Curve3 {
        var hermite = new Array<Vector3>();
        var step = 1.0 / nbPoints;
        for (var i = 0; i <= nbPoints; i++) {
            hermite.push(Vector3.Hermite(p1, t1, p2, t2, i * step));
        }
        return new Curve3(hermite);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a Curve3 object along a CatmullRom Spline curve :
     * @param points (array of Vector3) the points the spline must pass through. At least, four points required
     * @param nbPoints (integer) the wanted number of points between each curve control points
     * @param closed (boolean) optional with default false, when true forms a closed loop from the points
     * @returns the created Curve3
     */
    public static CreateCatmullRomSpline(points: DeepImmutable<Vector3[]>, nbPoints: number, closed?: boolean): Curve3 {
        var catmullRom = new Array<Vector3>();
        var step = 1.0 / nbPoints;
        var amount = 0.0;
        if (closed) {
            var pointsCount = points.length;
            for (var i = 0; i < pointsCount; i++) {
                amount = 0;
                for (var c = 0; c < nbPoints; c++) {
                    catmullRom.push(Vector3.CatmullRom(points[i % pointsCount], points[(i + 1) % pointsCount], points[(i + 2) % pointsCount], points[(i + 3) % pointsCount], amount));
                    amount += step;
                }
            }
            catmullRom.push(catmullRom[0]);
        }
        else {
            var totalPoints = new Array<Vector3>();
            totalPoints.push(points[0].clone());
            Array.prototype.push.apply(totalPoints, points);
            totalPoints.push(points[points.length - 1].clone());
            for (var i = 0; i < totalPoints.length - 3; i++) {
                amount = 0;
                for (var c = 0; c < nbPoints; c++) {
                    catmullRom.push(Vector3.CatmullRom(totalPoints[i], totalPoints[i + 1], totalPoints[i + 2], totalPoints[i + 3], amount));
                    amount += step;
                }
            }
            i--;
            catmullRom.push(Vector3.CatmullRom(totalPoints[i], totalPoints[i + 1], totalPoints[i + 2], totalPoints[i + 3], amount));
        }
        return new Curve3(catmullRom);
    }

    /**
     * A Curve3 object is a logical object, so not a mesh, to handle curves in the 3D geometric space.
     * A Curve3 is designed from a series of successive Vector3.
     * Tuto : https://doc.babylonjs.com/how_to/how_to_use_curve3#curve3-object
     * @param points points which make up the curve
     */
    constructor(points: Vector3[]) {
        this._points = points;
        this._length = this._computeLength(points);
    }

    /**
     * @returns the Curve3 stored array of successive Vector3
     */
    public getPoints() {
        return this._points;
    }

    /**
     * @returns the computed length (float) of the curve.
     */
    public length() {
        return this._length;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new instance of Curve3 object : var curve = curveA.continue(curveB);
     * This new Curve3 is built by translating and sticking the curveB at the end of the curveA.
     * curveA and curveB keep unchanged.
     * @param curve the curve to continue from this curve
     * @returns the newly constructed curve
     */
    public continue(curve: DeepImmutable<Curve3>): Curve3 {
        var lastPoint = this._points[this._points.length - 1];
        var continuedPoints = this._points.slice();
        var curvePoints = curve.getPoints();
        for (var i = 1; i < curvePoints.length; i++) {
            continuedPoints.push(curvePoints[i].subtract(curvePoints[0]).add(lastPoint));
        }
        var continuedCurve = new Curve3(continuedPoints);
        return continuedCurve;
    }

    private _computeLength(path: DeepImmutable<Vector3[]>): number {
        var l = 0;
        for (var i = 1; i < path.length; i++) {
            l += (path[i].subtract(path[i - 1])).length();
        }
        return l;
    }
}

// Vertex formats
/**
 * Contains position and normal vectors for a vertex
 */
export class PositionNormalVertex {
    /**
     * Creates a PositionNormalVertex
     * @param position the position of the vertex (defaut: 0,0,0)
     * @param normal the normal of the vertex (defaut: 0,1,0)
     */
    constructor(
        /** the position of the vertex (defaut: 0,0,0) */
        public position: Vector3 = Vector3.Zero(),
        /** the normal of the vertex (defaut: 0,1,0) */
        public normal: Vector3 = Vector3.Up()
    ) {

    }

    /**
     * Clones the PositionNormalVertex
     * @returns the cloned PositionNormalVertex
     */
    public clone(): PositionNormalVertex {
        return new PositionNormalVertex(this.position.clone(), this.normal.clone());
    }
}

/**
 * Contains position, normal and uv vectors for a vertex
 */
export class PositionNormalTextureVertex {
    /**
     * Creates a PositionNormalTextureVertex
     * @param position the position of the vertex (defaut: 0,0,0)
     * @param normal the normal of the vertex (defaut: 0,1,0)
     * @param uv the uv of the vertex (default: 0,0)
     */
    constructor(
        /** the position of the vertex (defaut: 0,0,0) */
        public position: Vector3 = Vector3.Zero(),
        /** the normal of the vertex (defaut: 0,1,0) */
        public normal: Vector3 = Vector3.Up(),
        /** the uv of the vertex (default: 0,0) */
        public uv: Vector2 = Vector2.Zero()
    ) {

    }
    /**
     * Clones the PositionNormalTextureVertex
     * @returns the cloned PositionNormalTextureVertex
     */
    public clone(): PositionNormalTextureVertex {
        return new PositionNormalTextureVertex(this.position.clone(), this.normal.clone(), this.uv.clone());
    }
}

// Temporary pre-allocated objects for engine internal use
// usage in any internal function :
// var tmp = Tmp.Vector3[0];   <= gets access to the first pre-created Vector3
// There's a Tmp array per object type : int, float, Vector2, Vector3, Vector4, Quaternion, Matrix
/**
 * @hidden
 */
export class Tmp {

    public static Color3: Color3[] = ArrayTools.BuildArray(3, Color3.Black);
    public static Color4: Color4[] = ArrayTools.BuildArray(3, () => new Color4(0, 0, 0, 0));
    public static Vector2: Vector2[] = ArrayTools.BuildArray(3, Vector2.Zero); // 3 temp Vector2 at once should be enough
    public static Vector3: Vector3[] = ArrayTools.BuildArray(13, Vector3.Zero); // 13 temp Vector3 at once should be enough
    public static Vector4: Vector4[] = ArrayTools.BuildArray(3, Vector4.Zero); // 3 temp Vector4 at once should be enough
    public static Quaternion: Quaternion[] = ArrayTools.BuildArray(2, Quaternion.Zero); // 2 temp Quaternion at once should be enough
    public static Matrix: Matrix[] = ArrayTools.BuildArray(8, Matrix.Identity); // 8 temp Matrices at once should be enough
}
/**
 * @hidden
 * Same as Tmp but not exported to keep it only for math functions to avoid conflicts
 */
class MathTmp {
    public static Vector3: Vector3[] = ArrayTools.BuildArray(6, Vector3.Zero);
    public static Matrix: Matrix[] = ArrayTools.BuildArray(2, Matrix.Identity);
    public static Quaternion: Quaternion[] = ArrayTools.BuildArray(3, Quaternion.Zero);
}